In vitro Antimutagenic and Genotoxic Effects of Sophora Radix Extracts

Abstract

Sophorae radix extract (SRE) has been registered as an environment-friendly organic material that is widely used in the cultivation of crops in Korea. Matrine, the active ingredient in SRE, was reported as a toxic substance in the nervous system in mice. However, no information is available on its toxic effects in other organisms. Therefore, antimutagenicity and two kinds of genotoxicity tests (bacterial reverse mutation and chromosome aberration test) of two samples of SRE were investigated in this study. Antimutagenicity test was experimented by using bacterial reverse mutation test. In the reverse mutation test, Salmonella Typhimurim TA98, TA1535 and TA1537 were used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of SRE. Bacterial reverse mutation test was also performed on positive and negative control groups in the presence of the metabolic activation system (with S-9 mix) and metabolic non-activation system (without S-9 mix). In the chromosome aberration test, Chinese hamster lung cells were exposed to SRE for 6 or 24 hours without S-9 mix, or for 6 hours with S-9 mix. Negative and positive control groups were experimented for chromosome aberration test. As a result, the number of mutated colonies induced by 4-NQO were reduced by SRE treatment in all strains, indicating that SRE may have antimutagenic effects. Reverse mutation was not shown at all concentrations of SRE, regardless of application of the metabolic activation system. In the chromosomal aberration test, one of the SRE sample gave a suspicious positive result at 250 µg/ml in the presence of S-9 mix. For the more adequate evaluation of the genotoxic potential of SRE samples, other in vivo genotoxicity study is needed.

Immunomodulatory Effects ofKimchiin Chinese Healthy College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…It is also a good source of phytochemicals (e.g., β-sitosterol, glucosinolates, isothiocyanate, indoles, allyl compounds) and probiotic strains (e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides) [5,6]. In regard to these nutrition properties, many functional properties of Kimchi have been reported including anti-oxidative activity [7,8], anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor activities [9], antihttp://e-cnr.org atherogenic activity [10], and weight-controlling activity [11].…”

DNA Damage Effect of Botanical Insecticides Using Chinese Hamster Lung Cells

“…Aza and matrine have generally been regarded as a relatively nontoxic substance for agricultural use and, for instance, there are only few reports on its genotoxic potential in the literature (Vinod et al, 2011;Cho et al, 2013;Yoon et al, 2014).…”

“…Our previous studies for respective two samples of AIE and SRE used in this study showed that all samples had no genotoxic effect in the reverse mutation test and the MN test, but in the chromosomal aberration test, one of SRE samples had potential clastogenic properties (Yoon et al, 2014;Cho et al, 2013). According to the genotoxicity battery system (ICH, 2012), SRE samples showing potential clastogenic properties in our previous study was need to be followed by sequential the in vivo genotoxic test such as in vivo MN test or in vivo comet assay.…”

“…Although some studies reported the clastogenic potential of azadirachtin for use of AIE or SRE samples, other influencing factor such the extraction method, extraction solvents, the extracted parts of plant, or active ingredient contents of the extracts, etc were suggested to induce directly clastogenic properties (EFSA, 2011, Cho et al, 2013. In addition, botanical insecticides such as AIE or SRE samples are a complex mixture containing several chemicals such as fatty acids, aliphatic compounds, polyphenolics (flavonoids and their glycosides), and an active ingredient such as terpenoids is difficult to speculate regarding the nature of chemicals that are responsible for the clastogenic or mutagenic action (Vinod et al, 2011).…”

“…We previously investigated the genotoxic effects of AIE and SRE through chromosomal aberration (CA) (Yoon et al, 2014) and in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay (Cho et al, 2013) using Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. Base on those results, all SRE samples had no genotoxic effect in both test, but in the chromosomal aberration test, one of SRE samples had potential clastogen properties, showing a suspicious positive result at 250 ug/ml in the presence of S-9 mix.…”