In vitro anticoccidial activity of thymol, carvacrol, and saponins

Felici, Martina; Tugnoli, Benedetta; Ghiselli, Federico; Massi, Paola; Tosi, Giovanni; Fiorentini, L.; Piva, Andrea; Grilli, Ester

doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.035

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…They have been reported to impair Eimeria spp. in early development stages by reducing cell wall degradation and inducing oxidative stress, preventing invasion [20,53]. Similar findings were reported by Jiao et al [35] where administration of Artemisia annua (A. annua) and Artemisinin was confirmed to interfere with the Eimeria life cycle by producing reactive oxygen species that are effective in inhibition of oocyst sporulation and formation of the parasite cell wall.…”

Section: Stimulation and Stabilisation Of Gut Microbiota Through Phytobioticssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…-Enhanced immunity through the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) [83] Bidens Pilosa -Disrupted life cycle of E. tenella [12,91] -Enhanced T-cell mediated immunity [14,92] Carvacrol -Increased growth performance and intestinal barrier function [20] -Altered gut physiology -Interference with the life cycle of E. tenella by destroying sporozoite membrane [42] Curcumin -Maintenance of gut integrity [88] -Interference with life cycle by inhibiting E. tenella sporozoites [11] Cinnamaldehyde -Improved chicken growth performance and altered caecal microbiota composition [90] Garlic (Allium Sativum) -Increased resistance to experimental Eimeria acervulina infection [62,71] -Induced alterations in broiler intestinal microbiota bark oil (CNO), clove bud oil (CLO), and ajwain seed oil (AJO), where the abundance of Escherichia coli in pre-caecal contents decreased in groups given CNO, but did not affect Lactobacillus spp. in any diets.…”

Section: Phytochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has also shown that combined supplementation of phytochemicals exerts boosted anticoccidial effects in broilers compared to when administered on their own [20,72].…”

Section: Phytochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the interactions betweenEimeriainfection and gut microbiota, towards the control of chicken coccidiosis: a review

2021

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The gastrointestinal tract in poultry harbours a diverse microbial community that serves a crucial role in digestion and protection. Disruption of the gut environment due to Eimeria spp. parasite infection causes an imbalance in intestinal homeostasis, driving the increment of pathogens such as Clostridium species. Coccidiosis infection affects the composition and integrity of gut microbiota, resulting in elevated susceptibility to diseases that pose a serious threat to the overall health and productivity of chickens. Anticoccidial drugs have proven effective in curbing coccidiosis but with concerning drawbacks like drug resistance and drug residues in meat. The exploration of natural alternative strategies such as probiotics and phytochemicals is significant in controlling coccidiosis through modification and restoration of gut microbiota, without inducing drug resistance. Understanding the interaction between Eimeria parasites and gut microbiota is crucial for the control and prevention of coccidiosis, and the development of novel alternative treatments.

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Section: Stimulation and Stabilisation Of Gut Microbiota Through Phytobioticssupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Phytochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the interactions betweenEimeriainfection and gut microbiota, towards the control of chicken coccidiosis: a review

2021

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“…Phytobiotics and organic acids often inhibit pathogens, including parasites, and can modulate animal gastrointestinal tract health via multiple mechanisms 5,7,9,11 . Phytochemicals, such as saponins, exhibit a unique ability to adhere to the protozoan cholesterol cellular membrane of Eimeria spp., causing further lysis and cellular death 11,12 . Moreover, saponins used with thymol and carvacrol synergistically inhibited invasion of MDBK cells by Eimeria sporozoites at concentrations of 3.5-5 ppm 12 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytochemicals, such as saponins, exhibit a unique ability to adhere to the protozoan cholesterol cellular membrane of Eimeria spp., causing further lysis and cellular death 11,12 . Moreover, saponins used with thymol and carvacrol synergistically inhibited invasion of MDBK cells by Eimeria sporozoites at concentrations of 3.5-5 ppm 12 . Saponins extracted from Yucca schidigera mitigated inflammatory responses in Eimeria-infected broilers 10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The in vitro and in vivo anti-virulent effect of organic acid mixtures against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis

Balta

Marcu

Linton

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Eimeria tenella and Eimeria bovis are complex parasites responsible for the condition of coccidiosis, that invade the animal gastrointestinal intestinal mucosa causing severe diarrhoea, loss of appetite or abortions, with devastating impacts on the farming industry. The negative impacts of these parasitic infections are enhanced by their role in promoting the colonisation of the gut by common foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to test the anti-Eimeria efficacy of maltodextrin, sodium chloride, citric acid, sodium citrate, silica, malic acid, citrus extract, and olive extract individually, in vitro and in combination, in vivo. Firstly, in vitro infection models demonstrated that antimicrobials reduced (p < 0.05), both singly and in combination (AG), the ability of E. tenella and E. bovis to infect MDBK and CLEC-213 epithelial cells, and the virulence reduction was similar to that of the anti-coccidial drug Robenidine. Secondly, using an in vivo broiler infection model, we demonstrated that AG reduced (p = 0.001) E. tenella levels in the caeca and excreted faeces, reduced inflammatory oxidative stress, improved the immune response through reduced ROS, increased Mn-SOD and SCFA levels. Levels of IgA and IgM were significantly increased in caecal tissues of broilers that received 0.5% AG and were associated with improved (p < 0.0001) tissue lesion scores. A prophylactic approach increased the anti-parasitic effect in vivo, and results indicated that administration from day 0, 5 and 10 post-hatch reduced tissue lesion scores (p < 0.0001) and parasite excretion levels (p = 0.002). Conclusively, our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the natural antimicrobial mixture (AG) reduced parasitic infections through mechanisms that reduced pathogen virulence and attenuated host inflammatory events.

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