In vitro antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of magnesium-incorporated poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds

Abstract

Background: Bone defects are often combined with the risk of infection in the clinic, and artificial bone substitutes are often implanted to repair the defective bone. However, the implant materials are carriers for bacterial growth, and biofilm can form on the implant surface, which is difficult to eliminate using antibiotics and the host immune system. Magnesium (Mg) was previously reported to possess antibacterial potential. Methods:In this study, Mg was incorporated into poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to fabricate a PLGA/Mg scaffold using a low-temperature rapid-prototyping technique. All scaffolds were divided into three groups: PLGA (P), PLGA/10 wt% Mg with low Mg content (PM-L) and PLGA/20 wt% Mg with high Mg content (PM-H). The degradation test of the scaffolds was conducted by immersing them into the trihydroxymethyl aminomethane-hydrochloric acid (Tris-HCl) buffer solution and measuring the change of pH values and concentrations of Mg ions. The antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was investigated by the spread plate method, tissue culture plate method, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Additionally, the cell attachment and proliferation of the scaffolds were evaluated by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay using MC3T3-E1 cells. Results:The Mg-incorporated scaffolds degraded and released Mg ions and caused an increase in the pH value. Both PM-L and PM-H inhibited bacterial growth and biofilm formation, and PM-H exhibited higher antibacterial activity than PM-L after incubation for 24 and 48 h. Cell tests revealed that PM-H exerted a suppressive effect on cell attachment and proliferation. Conclusions:These findings demonstrated that the PLGA/Mg scaffolds possessed favorable antibacterial activity, and a higher content of Mg (20%) exhibited higher antibacterial activity and inhibitory effects on cell attachment and proliferation than low Mg content (10%).

3D‐printed MgO nanoparticle loaded polycaprolactone β‐tricalcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications: In‐vitro and in‐vivo evaluation

“…Yuan et al also achieved higher new bone formation (NBF) with concentrations of magnesium between 30 to 50 ppm (approximately 1.23–2.05 mM) in‐vivo 31 . Two other studies found magnesium wt% of 15% and 20% toxic to MC3T3‐E1 cells 32,33 . We determined the optimal wt% of nanoMgO to be added to our experimental scaffold with regard to previous literature that had evaluated the effect of different nanoMgO concentrations on bone regeneration both in‐vitro and in‐vivo, the results of which are summarized in a systematic review by authors 2 .…”

“…31 Two other studies found magnesium wt% of 15% and 20% toxic to MC3T3-E1 cells. 32,33 We determined the optimal wt% of nanoMgO to be added to our experimental scaffold with regard to previous literature that had evaluated the effect of different nanoMgO concentrations on bone regeneration both in-vitro and in-vivo, the results of which are summarized in a systematic review by authors. 2 Composites incorporating MgO instead of Mg have the benefit of reducing toxicity with a slower release profile.…”

Current Advances and Applications of Tantalum Element in Infected Bone Defects

“…12 Therefore, developing novel composite scaffolds with antibacterial osteogenic dual functions is pertinent for IBD treatment. 13 To date, multiple revolutionary biomaterials with antibacterial properties and osseointegration performance have been designed for IBD treatment, including scaffolds derived from bioceramics, 14,15 polymers, 16,17 biodegradable metals and alloys, 18,19 extracellular matrices (ECM), 20 and porous metals. 21−24 Among these materials, tantalum (Ta) elementbased scaffolds are widely used as load-bearing orthopedic implant materials, 25 especially since the introduction of commercial porous Ta "Trabecular Metal", manufactured by Zimmer (United States), in the early 21st century.…”

“…To date, multiple revolutionary biomaterials with antibacterial properties and osseointegration performance have been designed for IBD treatment, including scaffolds derived from bioceramics, , polymers, , biodegradable metals and alloys, , extracellular matrices (ECM), and porous metals. − Among these materials, tantalum (Ta) element-based scaffolds are widely used as load-bearing orthopedic implant materials, especially since the introduction of commercial porous Ta “Trabecular Metal”, manufactured by Zimmer (United States), in the early 21st century. Porous Ta has been widely used in clinical practice due to its excellent biocompatibility, high resistance to corrosion, and low bacterial adhesion.…”

Biofunctionalization of Poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) Using Potent NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors Immobilized on Nanometric Alpha-Zirconium Phosphate to Reduce Biofilm Formation

“…Particular attention has been focused on poly(lactide- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) since it is biocompatible, biodegradable, and is able to deliver antibiotics [ 24 ] and growth factors to enhance bone healing in orthopaedic applications [ 25 ]. Moreover, nanocomposites based on PLGA and metal-based nanostructures have shown antimicrobial activity and improved mechanical properties [ 26 , 27 ]. The preparation of PLGA composites containing EPIs as synthetic molecules and even inorganic particles as ZnO [ 28 ] or some essential oils [ 29 ] should be an innovative strategy to prepare films that reduce or reverse bacterial resistance to antibiotics.…”