In Vitro Anti-Diabetic Activities and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Profile of Muntingia calabura Leaves Extract

Abstract

Anti-diabetic compounds from natural sources are now being preferred to prevent or treat diabetes due to adverse effects of synthetic drugs. The decoction of Muntingia calabura leaves was traditionally consumed for diabetes treatment. However, there has not been any published data currently available on the processing effects on this plant’s biological activity and phytochemical profile. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of three drying methods (freeze-drying (FD), air-drying (AD), and oven-drying (OD)) and ethanol:water ratios (0, 50, and 100%) on in vitro anti-diabetic activities of M. calabura leaves. In addition, an ultrahigh-performance-liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used to characterize the metabolites in the active extract. The FD M. calabura leaves, extracted with 50% ethanol, is the most active extract that exhibits a high α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 0.46 ± 0.05 and 26.39 ± 3.93 µg/mL, respectively. Sixty-one compounds were tentatively identified by using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS from the most active extract. Quantitative analysis, by using UHPLC, revealed that geniposide, daidzein, quercitrin, 6-hydroxyflavanone, kaempferol, and formononetin were predominant compounds identified from the active extract. The results have laid down preliminary steps toward developing M. calabura leaves extract as a potential source of bioactive compounds for diabetic treatment.

Metabolic Alterations in Streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Muntingia calabura Extract via 1H-NMR-based Metabolomics

“…In a previous study, a total of sixty-one compounds were tentatively identified in the MC extract through UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, including geniposide, daidzein, quercitrin, kaempferol, formononetin, and 6-hydroxyflavanone [12]. These six available standards were then quantitated in the MC extract by UHPLC analysis.…”

“…Upon examination of the S-plot (Fig. 8B), glucose (20), allantoin (10), hippurate (22), methylnicotinamide (1), citrate (13), lactate (25), pyruvate (32), dimethylamine (17), hydroxybutyrate (3), trigonelline (35) and aconitate (12) were the prominent metabolites with strong correlation that contributed to the discrimination of the DC group from 13 This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited.…”

“…The effect of flavonoids, such as apigenin, luteolin and kaempferol on the attenuation of 2-deoxy-D-riboseinduced damage cell in pancreatic β-cells via oxidative stress-related signaling [36], improving insulin secretion by increasing the expression of a transcription factor gene in uric-acid-damaged β-cells [37] and promoting β-cell viability and apoptosis prevention through reduction of caspase-3 activity in pancreatic β-cells [38] has been proposed by several studies. Another flavonoid identified in MC leaf extract was formononetin, which was a O-methylated daidzein derivative [12]. Based on previous reports, formononetin helped to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) genes in the liver, which helped to regulate the blood glucose level.…”

“…Major constituents reported in MC include triterpenoids, flavonoids, phytosterols and chalcone derivatives [9,11]. In addition, the profiling and quantification of a MC leaf extract were recently reported, highlighting the in vitro hypoglycemic bioactivity in α-amylase inhibitory and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays [12].…”

(Boring Sen) Cherry Leaf Dried Sponge Is Beneficial in Maintaining Cholesterol Levels and High Blood Pressure

“…Dried sponge usually has a sweet taste and a crunchy texture [5]. There are many dry sponges on the market, but the dry cakes found in the market generally only use pandan leaves as a colorant and aroma enhancer [6]. In this case the author wants to add a variety of other raw materials in the manufacture of dry sponge cake, but it has great benefits [7].…”