In vitro and in vivo antiparasitic action of essential oils of Lippia spp. in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed supplemented diets

Abstract

This study evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activity of the essential oils of Lippia alba, L. origanoides and L. sidoides against monogenean parasites of koi carp Cyprinus carpio and its zootechnical performance in net cages. The oils were obtained from the leaves by hydro distillation, and the chemical composition was evaluated via gas chromatography. In vitro assays were performed with each essential oil separately and combined in binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1) mixtures with the Lippia species at 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg L -1 and two control groups (grain alcohol and tank water). To determine zootechnical performance, L. sidoides oil was added to the feed at 0.00 (control), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1%, in triplicate and with 20 fish per net cage fed for 60 days. The best results in vitro against monogeneans were observed for L. sidoides (40 mg L -1 in 8 min), followed by L. origanoides (40 mg L -1 in 25 min) and L. alba (40 mg L -1 in 4 h). Reductions in weight gain, protein efficiency rate and specific growth rate were observed in diets containing 0.75% of L. sidoides oil in comparison to the control and the 0.25% diet. There were no significant differences in growth, individual mean feed intake, apparent feed conversion and parasitological indices. Based on our results, 0.25% L. sidoides oil showed the best zootechnical performance, but was not effective against koi carp parasites in vivo.

Antiparasitic and Antibacterial Functionality of Essential Oils: An Alternative Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture

“…[ 79 ]. Brasil, et al [ 9 ] researched anthelmintic effects of Lippia alba , Lippia origanoides , and Lippia sidoides EOs on Dactylogyrus minutus and Dactylogyrus extensus parasites; and they detected that when L. Origanoides and L. Sidoides EOs were applied as 100 mg/L for 5 min, they showed 100% efficacy ( Table 2 ).…”

“…Due to the increase of consumer demand, aquaculture technique has been shifted from extensive to super-intensive; intensification of aquaculture needs a higher amount of artificial feed supply, water treatment and reuse, and high stocking density resulting in aquatic environmental degradation [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Mounting of stress and quality deterioration of living environment increases the activity and virulence of infectious and opportunistic microbial pathogens [ 7 ], decrease immunity and immune-related gene transcription of aquatic animals [ 8 ], and elevate uni and multicellular parasitic infestation [ 9 ]; finally, initiate infectious diseases outbreak along with the death of cultured species. Gonzales, et al [ 10 ] reported global aquaculture loss of 1.05 to 9.58 billion USD/year due to infectious diseases and parasitic attacks.…”

“…Different microbial and parasitic diseases are the major threats to the aquaculture industry. Application of nanoemulsions EOs or other herbal products to combat microbial [ 36 , 37 ] and parasitic [ 9 , 25 ] diseases is considered a new alternative approach for sustainable aquaculture. Extensive research activities were performed for the identification and characterization of EOs effects for the fish and shellfish preservation and shelf life elongation [ 38 , 39 ], modulation of growth, immunity, and infectious disease resistance in commercially cultured fish species [ 35 , 40 , 41 ], against different pathogenic microbial activity [ 42 , 43 ] and destruction and retardation of fish parasitic activity [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Application of nanoemulsions EOs or other herbal products to combat microbial [ 36 , 37 ] and parasitic [ 9 , 25 ] diseases is considered a new alternative approach for sustainable aquaculture. Extensive research activities were performed for the identification and characterization of EOs effects for the fish and shellfish preservation and shelf life elongation [ 38 , 39 ], modulation of growth, immunity, and infectious disease resistance in commercially cultured fish species [ 35 , 40 , 41 ], against different pathogenic microbial activity [ 42 , 43 ] and destruction and retardation of fish parasitic activity [ 9 , 10 ]. In the fisheries and aquaculture sector, EOs act as a natural preservative [ 44 ], stress-reducing agent [ 45 ], herbal anesthetics [ 46 ], and oregano herb and medicinal plant as immunomodulators [ 26 ] and immunostimulants [ 47 ].…”

In vitroanthelminthic activity ofLippia albaessential oil combined with silk fibroin against monogeneans ofColossoma macropomum(Serrasalmidae)

“…The Figure 1 shown the time for total immobilization of monogeneans in different concentrations of L. alba EO combined with silk fibroin. Lippia alba is an aromatic plant known for its EO, a compound with established antiparasitic activity against monogeneans of fish (Brasil et al, 2019;Soares et al, 2016). However, our previous study showed that in vitro exposure to 1280 and 2560 mg/L of L. alba EO dissolved in 70% ethyl alcohol caused 100% mortality of A. spathulatus, N. janauachensis and M.…”