In vitro and in vivo efficacies of ivermectin and cypermethrin against the cattle tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract

This study investigated the comparative efficacy of ivermectin and cypermethrin pour-on, for the treatment of Hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum infestations in bovines. For examining acaricidal efficacy, 480 ticks were exposed in vitro to graded doses of both the acaricides and in vivo efficacy was examined in 360 tick-infested bovines treated at the recommended doses of ivermectin (IVM) and cypermethrin (CYM) pour-on. The comparative quantitative assessment of tick burden was done on days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 after treatment using "finger counting." The results of the tick survival assay indicated both compounds were effective in vitro against H. a. anatolicum. The arc transformed mean surviving ticks, 24 h post immersion, was 2.66 and zero in groups treated with the highest dilutions of IVM and CYM, respectively. At 15 days post-treatment, the CYM pour-on showed a higher in vivo efficacy (no surviving ticks) compared to IVM (mean of 20 surviving ticks). A single dose of CYM and IVM was found effective for 20 and 15 days post-treatment, respectively. Additionally, a questionnaire was used to gather information from 30 small holder dairy farms on the farmer's approach toward the control of ticks. The majority (90%) of respondents were using acaricides incorrectly along with poor husbandry practices on their farms. Overuse of IVM in the tested area of Pakistan may be the reason the IVM is not as effective as expected. These results provide useful tools for the decision making in tick control, as well as providing the basis for testing the findings on provincial and national levels in future studies.

First Pilot Study on the Prevalence of Tick Infestation in Livestock of Tehsil Hajira, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir

“…Only single species of tick Hylomma anatolicum was identified from the examined livestock of the area. The identified species of tick was also reported by (Sajid et al, 2009;Atif et al, 2012;Biu et al, 2012;Monfared et al, 2013;Mustafa et al, 2014) from other areas. Results of the present study are somewhat similar or different to the studies carried out earlier in other part of the globe (Irshad et al, 2010;Sajid et al, 2011;Ahmed et al, 2012;Monfared et al, 2013;Iqbal et al, 2013;Tasawar et al, 2014;Hassan and Al-Zubaidi, 2014;Mustafa et al, 2014).…”

“…This could be due to the less attention has been paid by owner towards male in the investigated area and on the other hand hormonal effect mainly, androgen and oestrogen which had inhibitory and stimulatory effect on immune response due to which male animals are more prone to ticks then females (Bilbo and Nelson, 2001). Soft and pliable skin of young animal facilitates tick and prolongs duration of attachment (Sajid et al, 2009;Kabir et al, 2011). In male animals higher prevalence was also reported by (Tasawar et al, 2014).…”

Distribution and abundance of ticks infesting livestock population along Karakorum highway from Mansehra to Gilgit, Pakistan

“…(Yang et al, 1993;Anbalagan et al, 2014), Prevalence of these species of ticks has already been reported in wide range of farm animals from the hilly and plain areas of Malaysia (Mariana et al, 2008). The results of present study indicate a relatively higher prevalence of ticks in the livestock populations of the plain and hilly areas of Pakistan as compared to earlier studies conducted in other parts of the country in which the prevalence ranged from 14% to 54.76% (Iqbal et al, 1971;Sajid et al, 2007Sajid et al, , 2008Ramzan et al, 2008;Sajid et al, 2009;Irshad et al, 2010;Sajid et al, 2011;Atif et al, 2012;Iqbal et al, 2013). The key factors which favour the growth and development of ticks in particular region are: temperature, humidity, rainfall (Greenfield et al, 2011), vegetation (Gray, 2002, host availability, season, habitat (Teel et al, 1996), altitude (Jouda et al, 2004;Burri et al, 2007;Cadenas et al, 2007), breed, age, sex, stage of lactation, gestation period, nutritional status of the animal (Swai et al, 2005;Alonso et al, 2007;Yacob et al, 2008), body condition (Rony et al, 2010), method of application of acaricides (Bianchi et al, 2003) and husbandry practices (Sajid et al, 2011).…”

“…Tick distribution was found highest (P<0.05) in the Mansehra district followed by the Haripur, Batagram, Shangala, Kohistan, Diamer, Gilgit and Astor districts. Host age and sex (1) is much higher in the developing countries of Asia (Siddiqi and Jan, 1986;Khan et al, 1993;Sajid et al, 2007Sajid et al, , 2008Sajid et al, , 2009Sajid et al, , 2011Yi-Lun et al, 2011;Iqbal et al, 2013;Ali et al, 2013;Sultana et al, 2015) and Africa (Walker and Koney, 1999;Walker, 2003), where control measures are infrequently applied, than in Australia (Springell, 1974;Kamau, 2011), Europe (Papadopoulos et al, 1996;Hostis and Seegers, 2002) and the Americas (Guimaraes et al, 2001;Lohmeyer et al, 2011). Extensive research studies have been conducted on the prevalence of the tick fauna and associated risk factors in various districts of Pakistan.…”

Study of prevalence and associated risk factors of anaplasmosis and theileriasis in cattle

“…Higher prevalence of T. annulata and A. marginale were reported in female animals (Durrani, 2008). Higher prevalence in female population was due to hormonal disturbances due to its use in milk production, draught power and breeding system which pose it to weakened immune system (Kamani et al, 2010;Sajid et al, 2009;Kabir et al, 2011).…”