In vitro and in vivo study of the enhancement of carotenoid bioavailability in vegetables using excipient nanoemulsions: Impact of lipid content

Comparison of Lutein Bioaccessibility from Dietary Supplement-Excipient Nanoemulsions and Nanoemulsion-Based Delivery Systems

“…All the samples had a relatively net charge suggested by the ζ-potential measurements (Figure 5), which can be associated with the protonation of the carboxyl groups under the highly acidic gastric fluids 19,26 as well as charge neutralization effects associated with complexation of cationic proteins and anionic mucin. 34 Small Intestine Phase.…”

“…Previous in vitro studies on the gastrointestinal fate of nanoemulsions have also reported the presence of negatively charged particles after lipid digestion, which was attributed to similar physicochemical mechanisms. 1,19 The samples originally containing the soft gels had a higher negative charge than the capsules, which suggests that some constituent within the soft gels (such as gelatin) became negatively charged at pH 7.0 in the small intestinal fluids. Lipid Digestion Properties.…”

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that by designing delivery systems such as protein nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and Pickering emulsions, the water solubility, bioaccessibility, and physicochemical stability of lutein can be improved. − Among these delivery systems, nanoemulsions have been proposed to have the most potential for food applications due to their ease of preparation, ability to be prepared from all natural ingredients, good physical stability, tunable rheology, and rapid digestibility. − An oil-in-water nanoemulsion is composed of small droplets with a size smaller than 200 nm that can encapsulate hydrophobic molecules (such as lutein) inside. Lutein-loaded nanoemulsions can be directly used in a fluid form or they can be transformed to a powdered form by freeze drying or spray drying prior to use.…”

“…Excipient nanoemulsions have been proposed as an alternative approach to increase the bioaccessibility of hydrophobic carotenoids. ,,− In contrast to nanoemulsion-based delivery systems, excipient nanoemulsions contain no bioactive substances themselves, but they increase the bioaccessibility of bioactive substances in foods or supplements that are coadministered with them. , It has been proved that the bioaccessibility of various hydrophobic bioactive substances was significantly enhanced using excipient nanoemulsions, including β-carotene, lycopene, and curcumin. ,,,, In vitro studies have shown that oil droplets with a small dimension in excipient nanoemulsions can digest quickly within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to the high specific surface of the droplet, thereby facilitating further formation of mixed micelles to disperse the hydrophobic nutraceuticals released from the foods including fruits and vegetables. Moreover, our prior research discovered that excipient nanoemulsions significantly improved the β-carotene bioaccessibility from dietary supplements (tablets) from around 0.3 to 20% .…”

Evaluation of the bioaccessibility of a carotenoid beadlet blend using an in vitro system mimicking the upper gastrointestinal tract

“…The high‐fat meal matrix used in these experiments provided primarily saturated fatty acids with a much lower amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. Various studies have pointed out that enhanced bioavailability of less polar carotenoids like β‐carotene is observed with a higher ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids (Failla et al., 2014; Yao et al., 2021) but our experiments were not designed to address this variable and further experimentation would be needed to fully understand the effect in the TIM model. However, the higher bioaccessibility measurements for the more polar lutein and zeaxanthin seen here suggest it could be a factor affecting our results.…”