In vitro Analysis of the Efficacy of Selected Commercial Acaricides on The Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract

T ICKS are important to the Nigerian livestock industry because of their ability to cause huge economic loss directly or indirectly. Chemical acaricides have played important roles in control of tick infestation for many years but development of acaricide resistance as being reported worldwide is a huge problem facing the livestock industry and the veterinarians. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of available commercial acaricides on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Using Adult Immersion Test (AIT): the LC 50 , inhibition of oviposition, control and resistance rates, gradation of tarsal reflexes were determined for ticks treated with different acaricides at five different concentrations the discriminating dose (DD) (the manufacturer's recommended dose) and four other different concentrations of two below and two above the DD with the aid of prohibit regression. The association between weight and number of eggs laid was analyzed by linear correlation. Macrocyclic lactone(66.7%), Phenylpyrazole (62.5%), Cypermethrin (62.5%), Formamidine(33.3%) and Phenylpyrazole(13% egg production), Macrocyclic lactone (18% egg production), Cypermethrin(20% egg production), Formamidine(49% egg production) have the highest to lowest percentage control and oviposition inhibition values respectively. The LC 50 of (Formamidine), (Phenylpyrazole), (Synthetic pyrethroids), (Macrocyclic lactone) against adult R. (B.) annulatus were 100, 8000, 2300 and 6000ppm respectively.The demonstration of acaricide resistancedevelopmentas demonstrated by the ticks in laying of eggs after dipping in acaricideis a call to the need for discovery and use of alternative tick control methods with good therapeutic dose and the need for continuous evaluation of available acaricide.

Acaricidal Activities of The Essential Oils of Six Ethnoveterinary Plants Used by Fulani Herdsmen in Nigeria

“…(B.) annulatus [73], and may be associated with the development of resistance species to this acaricide in our local populations in Nigeria, as reported by Akande et al [12].…”

“…At present, the application of conventional synthetic acaricides, using dipping tanks, pour-ons, spot-ons, hand-spraying, is the most used method for tick control globally [11]. Unfortunately, indiscriminate and unethical use has led to the development of resistant populations of ticks [12]. The non-degradable residues in these acaricides pollute animal by-products (milk and meat), and the environment, and have been proven to be harmful to h u m a n applicators [13].…”

Perception of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases Worldwide

“…Awareness about the impact of ticks and tick-borne pathogens on various group of people, especially the at-risk groups like farmers, hunters, foresters, and veterinarians who serve as "middlemen" between the wild and domestic interphase, should be prioritized. The issue of acaricide resistance [148] which impacts both livestock and humans must be adequately addressed [149]. There are reports of pastoralist communities that directly spray their animals with herbicides and other pesticides not designed for animal use, therefore ignoring the possible toxic bioamplification, as well as the residues in milk and meat to be consumed, or the contaminating effects in water bodies and the environment.…”

Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode anthelmintic resistance and acaricidal efficacy of fluazuron-flumethrin on sheep and goat ticks in the North West province of South Africa

“…Ticks were collected randomly from sheep and goats, from the head, mid-section, and rear. To assess the efficacy of commercial acaricides, AIT was conducted according to the procedure described by Akande et al [29]. Ticks were identified at the species level using the tick identification guide by Walker et al [30].…”