Environmental contamination has become a major public health problem that threatens the health and well-being of many adults and children. Largely the result of industrial and technological accidents and faulty storage of toxic chemicals, contamination hazards have become increasingly common and appear to cause long-lasting stress and anxiety. Many nuclear accidents and incidents of toxic waste release are the result of human error, malfunctions, or oversights, but the causes are complex. Three Mile Island, for example, was believed to result from the "complexity of the system" (Thompson, 1985, pp. 63-64), rather than simply human error, mechanical failure, design, or the safety procedures in place, even though system operators made errors and mechanical failures did occur. In essence, the accident was a result of a series of human, institutional, and technological failures initiated by equipment malfunction and exacerbated by training, decision making, and a failure to understand the situation quickly (Thompson, 1985, pp. 43-79).The human and technological causes of environmental contamination are important because they interact with the threatening aspects of technological breakdown and toxic exposure and engender chronic stress that may follow technological accidents or catastrophes. This chapter addresses the