In the eye of the beholder: perceptions of female and male outdoor leaders

Jordan, D. J.

doi:10.1080/02614369100390211

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Many indicated it is critical to eradicate the view held by some that female leaders are weak, lack confidence and assertiveness; women themselves should be actively involved in solving these problems. Jordan (1991) explored this particular issue and suggested it may be overcome, in part, by providing trainee outdoor leaders with relevant information (e.g., information about expectations and reactions to incongruent situations) as well establishing strategies which ensure a better balance in male/female leaders. She suggested that participants, leaders and administrators all have a role to play in changing peoples' perceptions of male/female leaders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Outdoor Leadership ‐ The Last Male Domain?

Saunders¹,

Sharp²

2002

European Journal of Physical Education

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A previous paper (Sharp, 2001) presented evidence to suggest that men and women working in outdoor education tend to adopt different styles of leadership. It was reasoned that if this is true, then courses designed to train leaders in outdoor activities should reflect these differences if they are to be properly effective. The present study examined this hypothesis through a postal survey to over 800 people involving course providers, leaders and aspirant leaders in mountain, paddle and snow sports. There was dear support for the perceived existence of variations in leadership style, but whilst many thought this was gender-based, others considered that variations were accounted for better by variables such as age and experience. There was a clear view that these differences should not be reflected in single-sex leadership courses, but there was support for changes in the way that courses are marketed and publicised; National Governing Bodies should examine especially the general image portrayed to the public through literature, advertising resources and role models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Outdoor Leadership ‐ The Last Male Domain?

Saunders¹,

Sharp²

2002

European Journal of Physical Education

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“…Because the 'manliness' ideology was integrated into the foundational strategies of camp leadership, people for whom camp has played an important role may have unconsciously internalized the idea that masculine and patriarchal qualities are the correct, or most effective, qualities for leadership, even when (or perhaps because) camps promote a home-like (gendered) environment. As Jordan (1991) argues, 'a pro-male bias tends to be greatest when the task at hand is incongruent with gender role expectations for women ' (p.242).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emergent analysis of women in outdoor recreation leadership has opened up questions about women in sport, women in the outdoors, and women in high-risk or adventure challenge programs (see Johnson, 1990; Jordan, 1991; Garvey and Gass, 1999; Clemmensen, 2002; Saunders and Sharp, 2002; Sharpe, 2005; Warren, 2006; Rilling and Jordan, 2007). These studies find that attitudinal gender discrepancies toward leaders also exist in the field of outdoor recreation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies find that attitudinal gender discrepancies toward leaders also exist in the field of outdoor recreation. For example, Deb Jordan (1991) analyzed participants' responses to hypothetical adventure recreation leaders, and found that all participants valued male leaders more highly because of stereotypes about appropriate gender roles, women's strength, and women's athletic abilities. Notably, these stereotypes stand in contrast to biological studies on the actual discrepancies between women's and men's sizes and muscular development, which are minimal, on average (see, for example, Hubbard, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pervasive patriarchal leadership ideology in seasonal residential summer camp staff

Cousineau¹,

Roth

2012

Leadership

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Studies on gender and leadership to date reveal that structural, psychological, and attitudinal barriers disadvantage women in the workplace. Women who work in outdoor recreation programs also face gender stereotypes related to the perceived appropriateness of the social role they play, and level of physical ability; stereotypes which cause employees and co-workers alike to prefer male leaders. One area of outdoor recreation that requires further investigation is live-in summer camps, because of the more nurturant requirements of leaders in these spaces. This paper documents which qualities residential summer camp staff value in leaders, and hypothesizes whether women who work in the more home-like setting of live-in camps face the same attitudinal and social barriers as women in other areas of outdoor recreation. Analysis yielded a distinct gender bias in favor of men, suggesting that even when a more nurturant environment is required, people still perceive men to be the most appropriate leaders. This pervasive gender bias confirms a patriarchal understanding of leadership and the legacy of historical gender roles even in the unexamined, and more feminized, environments of live-in summer camps. It also re-confirms that, despite popular rhetoric in the West about equality and opportunity, everyone is not allowed equal opportunity to lead.

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“…As individuals are motivated to work in the outdoor recreation field, a gender disparity between male and females exists. Outdoor recreation is considered to be a male dominated field and as a result researchers have studied gender role incongruence within the field of outdoor leadership (Carter & Colyer, 1999;Jordan, 1991;Warren & Loeffler, 2007;Wittmer, 2001). With an increase in the numbers of female outdoor activity participation, these authors suggest employing more women in the field of outdoor recreation so as to give women in leisure role models to emulate.…”

Section: Employment In Outdoor Recreationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploration of Collegiate Outdoor Recreation Professionals’ Personality Traits and Job Task Affect

Turnis

2019

Recreational Sports Journal

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The present study investigated the Big Five personality traits of 94 collegiate outdoor recreation (COR) professionals employed within a campus recreation setting and examined those in relation to their job satisfaction. An e-mail with a link to an online survey was sent to 233 campus recreation professional members of the Association of Outdoor Recreation and Education. Using the five-factor model (FFM) of personality, the researchers explored the relationship between personality traits (neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and level of affect toward common COR program duties (general office, personnel management, interpersonal, and program-specific). Results indicated that COR professionals ascribed the highest level of affect to personnel management tasks followed by interpersonal, program-specific, and then general office tasks. Extroversion was positively correlated with interpersonal job task affect as were agreeableness and openness to experience. Study results suggest that individuals with a higher rating on extroversion would be well suited to work in a COR setting. Such professionals would be creative problem solvers who work well within a group. The overall scoring patterns found indicate that COR professionals are less interested in typical “desk work” as they prefer the fieldwork and interpersonal/social aspects of the job. As interpersonal skills are vital to success in the COR profession, results suggest that when hiring, employers may wish to focus on those applicant traits. Since the necessary organization and administrative tasks are more easily taught to new hires, those skill sets may be taught on the job. To learn about applicant personality traits, employers may wish to integrate a personality assessment into the typical hiring practices to best match new staff with required job skills.

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In the eye of the beholder: perceptions of female and male outdoor leaders

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Outdoor Leadership ‐ The Last Male Domain?

Outdoor Leadership ‐ The Last Male Domain?

Pervasive patriarchal leadership ideology in seasonal residential summer camp staff

An Exploration of Collegiate Outdoor Recreation Professionals’ Personality Traits and Job Task Affect

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