“…The construct and criterion-related validities of the 3 × 2 achievement goal measurement were preliminary demonstrated on a university education level [ 16 ]. After that, supportive evidence related to the construct and criterion-related validity toward 3 × 2 achievement goal theory was sequentially proposed based on school-aged students across countries and subject domains (e.g., engineering and physical education) [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”