In-syringe demulsified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of trace fungicides in environmental water samples

Nanofluid of zinc oxide nanoparticles in ionic liquid for single drop liquid microextraction of fungicides in environmental waters prior to high performance liquid chromatographic analysis

“…There are numerous preconcentration techniques like solidphase microextraction (SPME) [7][8][9], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [10][11][12], hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [13], salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction [14], ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction [15,16], cloud point extraction [17] for the determination of fungicides in water samples. SPME is simple, solvent free and a technique in which efficient extraction is possible.…”

Optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets using an orthogonal array design and its application for the determination of fungicide concentrations in environmental water samples

“…Based on the above conditions, we selected 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol, and 1-bromohexadecane as candidate extraction solvents. The ionic liquid [P 14,6,6,6 ]PF 6 (1.013 g/cm 3 , 39.5ЊC) [35,36] has similar physical properties to the requirements. As a result, the ionic liquid [P 14,6,6,6 ]PF 6 easily melted in the dispersive solvent and dispersed in the sample solution well, but the extraction solvent was barely separated from the sample because of its density was similar to the density of water.…”

Vortex-assisted low density solvent liquid–liquid microextraction and salt-induced demulsification coupled to high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of five organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits

“…On the other hand, a large volume of extraction solvent results in dilution of the extraction phase [22]. As a compromise between high extraction efficiency and minimizing the dilution effect, the volume of 1-dodecanol and hexane (1:1 (v/v)) was investigated from 20 PL to 90…”

“…This approach still suffers from the decreased partition coefficients of analytes into the extraction solvent [15,[22][23][24].…”

“…Recently, demulsified DLLME has been introduced with its advantages of simplicity and fast extraction [15,[22][23][24]. In demulsified DLLME, the demulsifier is added to facilitate the phase separation of the aqueous phase and the organic extraction phase, thus the centrifugation step is omitted.…”