In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content

Wong, Chung Yiin; Aris, Muhammad Naeim Mohd; Daud, Hanita; Lam, Man Kee; Yong, Ching Seong; Hasan, Hadura Abu; Chong, Siewhui; Show, Pau Loke; Hajoeningtijas, Oetami Dwi; Ho, Yeek‐Chia; Goh, Pei Sean; Kausarian, Husnul; Pan, Guan‐Ting; Lim, Jun Wei

doi:10.3390/su12041558

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Thus, a low bioconversion of the sediment occurs. The bioconversion of the liquid (4.1-6.6%) is substantially higher than that of previously reported data for municipal sewage sludge (0.2-2.3%) [24] and in the same range as coconut endosperm waste (CEW) (6%) [19] but lower than for fermented CEW (8-11.5%) [19,21]. On the other hand, the bioconversion of the sediment (≤ 0.4%) is in the lower range of municipal sewage sludge (0.2-2.3%) [24], and the bioconversion of both the sediment and the liquid is lower than for food and feed waste (12.8-15.2%) and manure (7.1-11.3%) [24].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…The content of protein and fat in larvae have not been analyzed in this study. However, previous studies on bioconversion of fermented CEW have reported the following values: protein 15-39% [18,20,22] and fat 44-58% [18,21,22]. Analysis of protein and fat in larvae reared on PPBS is recommended for future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Lim et al [18] used a mix of self-fermented CEW and soybean curd residue. Wong et al have studied bioconversion of fermented coconut endosperm waste (CEW) in several ways: as fermented ex situ by bacteria [19,20], as fermented in situ by yeast [21], and as fermented by fungi in situ as well as ex situ [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Original article: fermented pulp and paper bio-sludge as feed for black soldier fly larvae

Norgren

Jönsson

Björkqvist

2021

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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This study evaluates the use of fermentation to increase nutrient availability in pulp and paper bio-sludge (PPBS) as feed for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). Rearing of BSFL on fermented PPBS was carried out in a climate chamber in order to assess nutrient availability and larvae survival and growth. The PPBS used came from a chemo-thermomechanical pulp/groundwood pulp mill. The PPBS was fermented at 35 °C and 55 °C, respectively, at initial pH of 10. The effects of sediment and liquid from fermented PPBS on larvae dry weight, survival rate until the prepupae stage, bioconversion, and reduction rate of PPBS were measured. The bioconversion of the liquids (4.1–6.6%) was substantially higher than for both the sediments and untreated PPBS (≤ 0.4%). The survival rate, on the other hand, was substantially lower (26.3–30.9 %) than for the sediments and untreated PPBS (49.5–52.6%). Neither the sediments nor the liquids had significant effects on the larvae weight or on the PPBS reduction rate. The sediments had no significant effect on the survival rate or the bioconversion. This study demonstrates that fermentation dissolves a part of the PPBS and that dissolved substances in the fermentation liquid readily convert to larvae biomass. However, the bulk of the lignocellulose is not dissolved, and most of PPBS nutrients remain unavailable for growth of the larvae. Further research should focus on improved pretreatment of PPBS to increase availability of nutrients and thereby improve the feasibility of BSFL as a recycling method for PPBS.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Original article: fermented pulp and paper bio-sludge as feed for black soldier fly larvae

Norgren

Jönsson

Björkqvist

2021

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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“…In order to attain lipid-rich BSFL, it was suggested that 1.0 wt% of R. oligosporus should be introduced into CEW and treated by means of ex situ fermentation. As compared with other exo-microbial fermentations, it was found that the highest lipid yield (49%) was also obtained with 1.0 wt% yeast via in situ fermentation (Wong et al, 2020) [38]. For bacterial ex situ fermentation, the employment of 0.02 to 2.5 wt% inoculum sizes resulted in lipid yields falling within the range of 35% to 40% [23].…”

Section: Lipid and Protein Derived From Bsfl Feeding On In Situ And Ementioning

confidence: 98%

Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production

Wong

Kiatkittipong

et al. 2021

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Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ- rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.

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“…Helium gas was used as a carrier gas, and the inlet was operated in a split mode (1:50) at a temperature of 250 • C. The column temperature was programmed at the ramping mode. The percentage of FAME composition in BSFL-derived biodiesel was calculated as presented in Equation (5) [40].…”

Section: Transesterification Of Larval Lipid Into Bsfl-based Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production

Raksasat

Kiatkittipong

et al. 2021

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Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.

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In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

Original article: fermented pulp and paper bio-sludge as feed for black soldier fly larvae

Original article: fermented pulp and paper bio-sludge as feed for black soldier fly larvae

Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production

Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production

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