In-situ transmission electron microscopy observation of the helium bubble evolution in pre-irradiated fluorapatite during annealing

Study of Radiation-Induced Damage Processes in CeZrO4–YZrO3 Ceramics Caused by Helium Irradiation

“…As a rule, gas swelling processes are long-term processes accompanied by a long-term accumulation of radiation damage or implanted helium, xenon, or krypton ions, followed by the formation and filling of cavities or pores, forming gas-filled bubbles [11][12][13]. With an increase in the concentration of gases in the bubbles, an increase in the internal pressure occurs, which in turn leads to expansion and an increase in the volume of the bubble; due to the achievement of critical pressure, their rupture occurs, accompanied by the destruction of the surface layer and the destruction of the material [14,15]. At the same time, in most cases, this problem is acute for materials in which helium accumulates, which have high mobility and the ability to agglomerate, as well as concentrate in a small surface layer (no more than 1-2 microns), can seriously disrupt the stability of the material, as well as to reduce its thermophysical parameters [16,17].…”

Study on Irradiation Response of Nanocrystalline Phase in Sm-Doping Fluorapatite Glass-Ceramics under He Ion Irradiation

“…At present, there are three common immobilization materials: glass, ceramics and glass-ceramics [ 4 ]. Apatite, pyrochlore, perovskite and other ceramic immobilization materials have been proven to have outstanding chemical stability and strong radiation resistance [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. However, the ceramic immobilization materials have a strong selectivity to radionuclides, which limits their industrial application.…”

“…It was found that He ion irradiation does not change the structure of the Nd and Ce co-doped Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ceramics, which were still relatively dense and uniform, and no second phase existed [ 21 ]. The migration and coalescence of helium bubbles in the fluorapatite induced by high temperature were also have been observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy [ 5 ]. In addition, the influences of the helium bubble formation in the apatite with different anion substitutions were also studied experimentally [ 22 ].…”