In Situ Thermal Transmittance Assessment of the Building Envelope: Practical Advice and Outlooks for Standard and Innovative Procedures

Abstract

Different standard methods for the assessment of the thermal performance of the building envelope are used: analogy with coeval building, theoretical method, heat flow meter measurement, simple hot box, infrared thermography, and thermometric method. Review papers on these methods, applied in situ and in laboratory, have been published, focusing on theory, equipment, metrological performance, test conditions and data acquisition, data analysis, benefits, and limitations. However, steps forward have been done and not been deepened in previous works: in fact, the representative points method and the weighted area method have been proposed, too, whilst artificial intelligence and data-driven methods have begun to prove the reliability also in the U-value prevision using available datasets. Considering this context, this work aims at updating the literature background considering exclusively in situ methods. The work starts from bibliometric and scientometric analysis not previously conducted: this helped to group the methods and to sketch the innovations and the future perspectives. Indeed, from the bibliometric and scientometric literature analysis what emerged was (i) the richness of the background on this topic, especially in the recent years, (ii) two macro-groups (methods with and without measurements), and (iii) the importance of paper keywords (otherwise, interesting papers are eluded by the output of simple database queries). The method study that followed aims at providing (i) a broader view of the thermal transmittance (U-value) assessment procedures, including the utmost recent applications, proposal, and outlooks in this field, (ii) the understanding on the fundamental theories of the techniques, (iii) practical advice for building-envelope assessment, focusing on the advantages and limitations useful for professionals and researchers involved in the energy audit, conservation, or refurbishment of building stock, (iv) the identification of the interconnection between the techniques that often rely on one another, and (v) final remarks and future perspective of the procedures, which embrace the use of artificial intelligence (AI). From the topic analysis, as a result, it emerged that this is an open field for future research, especially with the implementation of AI, which requires good datasets and trials on the models’ architectures, in terms of input layer, number of hidden layer and neurons, and percentage of data to be employed for model training and testing.

Energy and Climatic Performances of Modern Architecture: A Complete Overview of Building Physics Implications

“…As a result, thinner elements contribute to lower U-values compared to their traditional counterparts. On average, modern wall thickness ranges from 0.25 to 0.30 m, which is significantly less than the 0.35 to 1 m thickness of traditional architecture [7].…”

“…As a result, thinner elements contribute to lower U-values compared to their traditional counterparts. On average, modern wall thickness ranges from 0.25 to 0.30 m, which is significantly less than the 0.35 to 1 m thickness of traditional architecture [7]. Additionally, many industrial materials have a higher thermal conductivity (λ-value) compared to traditional materials (Section 3.4) [7].…”

Influences of Average Temperature Difference and Measurement Period on Estimation of In Situ Thermal Transmittance of Building Exterior Walls Using the Average Method of ISO 9869-1

“…where U AM is the U-value obtained by the average method (m 2 •K/W), n is the number of measurement data, q si,j is the heat flux on the indoor surface (W/m 2 ), and T ai,j and T ae,j are the indoor and outdoor air temperatures (K), respectively. According to ISO 9869-1 [6], the actual test duration was determined by evaluating whether the values obtained during the test fulfilled the following three criteria:…”

“…For estimating the in situ U-values of building walls, several nondestructive measurement methods exist, such as the heat flow meter (HFM), simple hot box heat flux meter Energies 2024, 17, 1177 2 of 16 (SHB-HFM), temperature control box heat flux meter (TCB-HFM), temperature-based (TB), and infrared thermography (IR) methods. These methods have been reviewed in detail by other researchers [2][3][4][5][6]. Although these methods have their own benefits and limitations, the HFM method is the most widely used because of its convenience and cost efficiency.…”

Advances in the Optimization of Energy Use in Buildings

“…The net-zero scenario has set ambitious goals to be reached for 2030 [9], which involve a 25% reduction in energy consumption, a decrease of over 40% in the use of fossil fuels, and a phase-out of biomass. These objectives can be pursued through various actions [10]:…”