“…Recently, several studies have evaluated the persistence of gas below the groundwater table by measuring the degree of saturation in the ground at sites that have been improved by the sand compaction pile technique. Large amounts of air are introduced in the soil during the installation process Okamura et al 2009;Okamura et al 2011). As shown in Figure 2.12, it is found that air was present at all sites and stayed more than several years after the sand compaction piles were installed.…”