In-situ TEM observations of the structural stability in carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds and carbon nano-onions under electron irradiation

In situ TEM investigation of nucleation and crystallization of hybrid bismuth nanodiamonds

“…High energy electrons bombard the matrix atoms to transfer energy, leading to excited atomic shift and escape from the inter-atomic bond energy constraint when the electron-transferred energy is greater than the atomic displacement threshold energy. 63 Generally, gas atoms have lower displacement threshold energies than metal atoms. The oxygen and iodine atoms disappeared by electron bombardment and Bi atoms were left behind, which is why Bi particles were formed.…”

“…Based on the melting and freezing principle, the heat induced by electron beam scattering energy (Q B ) flows to the Bi nanocrystals, which is greater than the thermal radiation energy (Q S ) released by the Bi nanodroplet to the surrounding environment, indicating that the Bi nanocrystals display a superheated temperature state (i.e., the temperature transmitted by the electron beam is higher than that of the melting point determined by the size of the nanocrystals). 17,63 The melting temperature is affected by the size of nanoparticles and the predicted melting temperature is related to the particle radius. 64 Therefore, the smaller the particle size, the lower the melting temperature.…”

“…, the temperature transmitted by the electron beam is higher than that of the melting point determined by the size of the nanocrystals). 17,63 The melting temperature is affected by the size of nanoparticles and the predicted melting temperature is related to the particle radius. 64 Therefore, the smaller the particle size, the lower the melting temperature.…”

“…To perform the effective experiments and evaluate whether the electron beam has enough energy to knock the oxygen atom out of its lattice position, ensuring that the final formation of the hybrid Bi nanoparticle can be successfully observed, the elastic scattering theory (EST) was used to determine the electronic energy. According to EST, the maximum recoil energy transferred, T max , from an electron is provided by the following expression: 63 where E is the incident electron beam energy, m e is the effective electron mass, M is the mass of the oxygen atom in this case, and c is the speed of light. In the case of 300 keV electrons, the corresponding T max value for the O atoms was calculated and found to be ∼49.2 eV, which is relatively higher than the respective displacement threshold energies of BaTiO 3 and TiO 2 (∼40 eV), implying that the electron-beam irradiation-induced defects, atom reconstitution and morphology changes in BiOI nanomaterials can be studied.…”

A Versatile Route for Synthesis of Metal Nanoalloys by Discharges at the Interface of Two Immiscible Liquids

“…However, the local EDS analysis is more reliable, and it reveals the co-existence of Ni and Co in individual nanoparticles. Another high-resolution TEM image ( Figure 2 g) performed on the edge of the sample (as in Figure 2 d) shows arranged structure of 0.35 nm interplanar distance, which corresponds to the graphitic carbon [ 43 ]. At this stage, one concludes that discharges in cyclohexane in-contact with a solution of Co-nitrate and Ni-nitrate produce individual (non-agglomerated) nanoalloy of Co-Ni embedded in carbon network.…”