In situ self-assembled organoid for osteochondral tissue regeneration with dual functional units

Enhanced hyaline cartilage formation and continuous osteochondral regeneration via 3D-Printed heterogeneous hydrogel with multi-crosslinking inks

“…8 G). The Hedgehog and TGF-β pathways have been widely reported to be associated with the process of cartilage development [ 45 , 46 ], while the Wnt and cAMP signaling pathways are reportedly associated with osteogenesis in the corresponding literature [ 47 , 48 ]. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the Hedgehog signaling pathway was more significant than the other pathways, indicating that the difference between the G-dNC/nHA and control groups was reflected in chondrogenesis.…”

Boosting cartilage repair with silk fibroin-DNA hydrogel-based cartilage organoid precursor

“…Recent studies have explored different materials for this purpose. For instance, Xing et al used hyaluronic acid and gelatin to create microspheres for in situ self-assembled cartilage organoid construction, repairing canine cartilage defects [ 37 ]. Similarly, Lin et al utilized gelatin-based microspheres loaded with MSCs for 3D self-assembly, repairing rabbit cartilage defects [ 38 ].…”

Bone Organoids: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

“…[ 65 ] It has also been investigated to reprogram the function and fate of MSCs by designing customized microcryogels with dual functional units to construct osteochondral organoid. [ 66 ] It appeared to be found that the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs could be better regulated by 3D modeling, leading to applications in organoid construction.…”

“…[ 96 ] It has also been shown that the use of gelatin‐based hyaluronic acid (HA) and hydroxyapatite (HYP) induces chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, as well as the ability to self‐assemble into osteochondral organoids, which can be used for the repair of osteochondral interfaces. [ 66 ] Cartilaginous organoids undergo osteogenic induction, which is also a way to form bone organoids, and such construction may be able to achieve a complex interface model containing bone and cartilage through the spatial distribution of scaffolds and osteogenic induction factors. Studies have also been conducted to design hMSCs‐derived miniature joint‐like organoids via a microfluidic system, in which engineered osteochondral complexes, synovial‐like fibrous tissues, and adipose tissues are integrated into a microfluidic bioreactor.…”