In-situ resin flow monitoring in VaRTM process by using optical frequency domain reflectometry and long-gauge FBG sensors

Jeong, Jae-Moon; Eum, Soohyun; On, Seung Yoon; Kageyama, Kazuro; Murayama, Hideaki; Uzawa, Kiyoshi; Kim, Seong Su

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115034

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The repeatability experiments with the sensors involved a uniform FBG of length 25mm, period of 532nm (phase mask 1.0065m), at the same location that is shown in figure 4. The spectral behaviour of the FBG sensors was very similar to what other researchers have reported [6][7][8] . The blue wavelength shifts ranged from 8pm to 17pm depending on the flow front velocity for the "resin-like" liquid.…”

Section: Repeatability Experimentssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Recently, researchers have reported both blue and red wavelength shifts occurring at the time when the liquid flow front approaches the FBG sensors, thus showing potential for monitoring the flow-front of resin into and through a mould [6][7][8] , though without offering any in-depth investigation of analysis of the observed spectral behaviour of the FBG sensors…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fibre Bragg gratings: monitoring of infusion process in liquid composite molding manufacturing

Allsop

Tahir

Bhavsar

et al. 2022

Optical Sensing and Detection VII

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For over three decades, fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been incorporated into buildings and various structures including those made from fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as sensors to monitor the structural health. Furthermore, as FRP composite technology has matured the maximum size of these structures has rapidly increased and thus the manufacturing process itself has become a critical factor in the overall success of these projects both financially from a quality control prespective. An example is ensuring that the infusion of resin into the glass reinforcement mats within the mould has completely wet all the fibre surfaces without leaving dry patches. Checking this issue is problematic as checks can only take place after infusion has completed. We report the use of FBGs to monitor and locate the flow front of a resinlike liquid through glass reinforcement mats within the mould during the infusion process of Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM). During the infusion process, the liquid flow front velocity generates a viscous force that causes the FBGs to produce both a blue and red wavelength shift. We found the wavelength shifts are small but still significant and reasonably repeatable for the same conditions, the same depth, location of sensor within the mould and the same velocity of flow front yielding an error of ±1.5pm.The blue wavelength shifts ranged from 8pm to 17pm depending on the flow front velocity for the "resin-like" liquid. Evidence is presented showing that the main factor of this FBG spectral behaviour is the viscous force.

show abstract

Section: Repeatability Experimentssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre Bragg gratings: monitoring of infusion process in liquid composite molding manufacturing

Allsop

Tahir

Bhavsar

et al. 2022

Optical Sensing and Detection VII

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Due to the complicated structure of the reinforcement and the practical process, the infusion process can be considered as free surface flow between tows at the meso-scale and porous flow inside tows. 2 At the macro-scale, the flow inside the whole reinforcement can be regarded as the porous flow while the flow between the wall of the cavity and the reinforcement can be supposed to be free surface flow. 3 At the micro scale, Navier–Stokes equation can be used in all the flow domain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach to simulate the resin infusion process by two phases coupling free and porous flows intra and inter fiber tows of liquid composite molding

Huang

Qin

et al. 2022

Journal of Composite Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, a coupling Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes-Darcy two-phase flow model is developed to simulate the resin infusion process intra and inter fiber tow. Navier–Stokes equation is applied in the free flow region while two phases Darcy’s law governs flow in the porous medium. The refined “BJS” (Beavers-Joseph-Saffman) condition is included as the coupling interface condition to solve the two phases and two mediums coupling problems. Flow flux, normal stress and velocity conversations are also taken into consideration as the interface conditions. Transient resin flow front tracking is carried out by adopting Cahn-Hilliard equation in the free flow region based on this novel coupling method and results are compared with quasi realistic model to verify the accuracy of this novel method.

show abstract

“…In many cases, visual monitoring is used to validate other measurement techniques [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Its main limitation is the impossibility of observing flow inside the composite structure, especially when a large sample is considered; however, it remains the simplest and most cost-effective method for permeability measurement.…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jeong et al [ 64 ] did not use standard FBG sensors but long-gauge FBG sensors (gauge length 100 mm) to realize a distributed optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) sensing system with a spatial resolution of less than 1 mm. The long-gauge FGB sensor was placed in the middle of the preform thickness to measure its strain change.…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Liquid composite molding (LCM) is a class of fast and cheap processes suitable for the fabrication of large parts with good geometrical and mechanical properties. One of the main steps in an LCM process is represented by the filling stage, during which a reinforcing fiber preform is impregnated with a low-viscosity resin. Darcy’s permeability is the key property for the filling stage, not usually available and depending on several factors. Permeability is also essential in computational modeling to reduce costly trial-and-error procedures during composite manufacturing. This review aims to present the most used and recent methods for permeability measurement. Several solutions, introduced to monitor resin flow within the preform and to calculate the in-plane and out-of-plane permeability, will be presented. Finally, the new trends toward reliable methods based mainly on non-invasive and possibly integrated sensors will be described.

show abstract

In-situ resin flow monitoring in VaRTM process by using optical frequency domain reflectometry and long-gauge FBG sensors

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Fibre Bragg gratings: monitoring of infusion process in liquid composite molding manufacturing

Fibre Bragg gratings: monitoring of infusion process in liquid composite molding manufacturing

A novel approach to simulate the resin infusion process by two phases coupling free and porous flows intra and inter fiber tows of liquid composite molding

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About