“…7,36,37 Notably, no Cu 2+ satellite peaks are observed near 943 eV or 960 eV, indicating that Cu 2+ species were predominantly reduced to Cu 0 or Cu + during the reduction process. 8,38 Furthermore, when TiO 2 was introduced via mechanical stirring, the position of the Cu 2p characteristic peak remained similar to that of CZA. However, after reduction of the catalyst prepared via ball milling, the position of the Cu 2p peak moves towards lower binding energy.…”