“…To improve the performance of real-time image analysis, great efforts have been invested in the design of in situ cameras, e.g., flow cell camera device, − stereo vision imaging system, ,− endoscopy–stroboscope, − and particle vision and measurement system (PVM, Mettler Toledo Inc.). In addition, the development of mathematical algorithms, e.g., region-based segmentation (threshold, watershed), , edge detection, , and clustering segmentation have advanced to some extent. Several papers studied the model compound l-Glutamic acid (LGA) for crystal segmentation and classification, which realized the online imaging analysis and proved its feasibility of analyzing crystal evolution. − However, processing an image usually takes one to several seconds using traditional algorithms, and there is a big challenge in accuracy and transfer from a single image to conduct in situ analysis of a crystallization process.…”