“…Undercoordinated ions residing along the edge, or at corners, of the layered double hydroxide structure are often viewed as the catalytically relevant sites. − Variations in measurement strategies have also revealed unexpected tetrahedrally coordinated sites, , the ability for elements such as iron and iridium to reside atop the basal plane of Ni(OH) 2 , systematic variations in iron electronic structures, ,, the presence of lattice strain due to ionic radius differences between nickel and iron, , and the possibility of iron redox activity . Analysis using advanced in-operando techniques has yielded some success in identifying sites that may have catalytic relevance. − Identification of such non-standard sites, however, has been relatively restricted to individual lines of research due to reliance on specialized characterization and analytical techniques. An understanding of the prevalence of such structural features and the role of synthetic conditions in their effective concentrations will assist in optimizing electrocatalysts’ performance and stability.…”