The microstructure and dry sliding wear behavior of cast Al-18 wt% Mg 2 Si in-situ metal matrix composite modified by Nd were investigated. Experimental results show that, after introducing a proper amount of Nd, both primary and eutectic Mg 2 Si in the Al-18 wt% Mg 2 Si composite are well modified. The morphology of primary Mg 2 Si is changed from irregular or dendritic to polyhedral shape, and its average particle size is significantly decreased. Moreover, the morphology of the eutectic Mg 2 Si phase is altered from flake-like to very short fibrous or dot-like. The wear rates and friction coefficient of the composites with Nd are lower than those without Nd. Furthermore, the addition of 0.5 wt% Nd changes the wear mechanism of the composite from the combination of abrasive, adhesive, and delamination wear without Nd into a single mild abrasion wear with 0.5 wt% Nd.