In situ Localization of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Protein and mRIMA in the Retina

Abstract

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) protein has been recognized as a potent factor for angiogenesis and as a mitogen. The sites of basic FGF in the mammalian retina have varied from report to report. On the other hand, only the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells have been reported to synthesize basic FGF as revealed by the presence of mRNA for basic FGF by in situ hybridization. To define the sites of basic FGF and its mRNA in the human retina, we immunohistochemically localized basic FGF protein and mRNA for basic FGF by in situ hybridization in normal human retinas. Basic FGF protein was found in the ganglion cell layer, the inner and outer nuclear layers, and the basement membranes of Müller cells (the inner limiting membrane), blood vessels, and the retinal pigment epithelium (Bruch’s membrane). The mRNA for basic FGF was found in the cells of the ganglion cell layer, the inner nuclear layer, and the outer nuclear layer, and the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells. These findings suggest that basic FGF in the human retina functions in both an auto-crine as well as a paracrine fashion.

Adult rat retinal ganglion cells and glia can be printed by piezoelectric inkjet printing

“…We show here that retinal glia from untreated adult rats are also able to highly significantly (P < 0.001) promote RGC neurite outgrowth when used as a substrate. This may be mediated through growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor which Müller glia from untreated rats have been shown to express [28,29]. Importantly, we found that growth of printed RGC on a substrate of printed glia was similarly enhanced (P < 0.001) as we had observed for the unprinted control cells, suggesting that printed glia retain their growth promoting properties and printed RGC their phenotype which allows them to respond to these factors.…”

Adult rat retinal ganglion cells and glia can be printed by piezoelectric inkjet printing

“…We show here that retinal glia from untreated adult rats are also able to highly significantly (P < 0.001) promote RGC neurite outgrowth when used as a substrate. This may be mediated through growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor which Müller glia from untreated rats have been shown to express [28,29]. Importantly, we found that growth of printed RGC on a substrate of printed glia was similarly enhanced (P < 0.001) as we had observed for the unprinted control cells, suggesting that printed glia retain their growth promoting properties and printed RGC their phenotype which allows them to respond to these factors.…”

Pigment-Epithelium-Derived Factor Is Upregulated in Photocoagulated Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

“…It has been shown that several key angiogenic factors are produced primarily by nonvascular retinal cells, including ganglion cells, glial cells and RPE cells [11][12][13][14] . Moreover, nonvascular retinal cells have been identifi ed as a potential source of molecules with antiangiogenic properties.…”

Vascular Complications and Diabetes: Current Therapies and Future Challenges

“…It comes in both a basic (bFGF) and acidic (aFGF) form, which act to stimulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and microvessel tube formation in cell types that derive from the embryonic mesoderm and ectoderm [66, 67]. FGF in the retina has been reported in ganglion inner and outer nuclear layer, basement membrane of the Muller cells, blood vessels, and retinal pigment cells [68, 69]. Despite its known angiogenic activity and presence in retinal cells, the pathologic activity of FGF in DR has yet to be determined.…”

Adult rat retinal ganglion cells and glia can be printed by piezoelectric inkjet printing

“…We show here that retinal glia from untreated adult rats are also able to highly significantly (P < 0.001) promote RGC neurite outgrowth when used as a substrate. This may be mediated through growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor which Müller glia from untreated rats have been shown to express [28,29]. Importantly, we found that growth of printed RGC on a substrate of printed glia was similarly enhanced (P < 0.001) as we had observed for the unprinted control cells, suggesting that printed glia retain their growth promoting properties and printed RGC their phenotype which allows them to respond to these factors.…”

Pigment-Epithelium-Derived Factor Is Upregulated in Photocoagulated Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

“…It has been shown that several key angiogenic factors are produced primarily by nonvascular retinal cells, including ganglion cells, glial cells and RPE cells [11][12][13][14] . Moreover, nonvascular retinal cells have been identifi ed as a potential source of molecules with antiangiogenic properties.…”

Vascular Complications and Diabetes: Current Therapies and Future Challenges

“…It comes in both a basic (bFGF) and acidic (aFGF) form, which act to stimulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and microvessel tube formation in cell types that derive from the embryonic mesoderm and ectoderm [66, 67]. FGF in the retina has been reported in ganglion inner and outer nuclear layer, basement membrane of the Muller cells, blood vessels, and retinal pigment cells [68, 69]. Despite its known angiogenic activity and presence in retinal cells, the pathologic activity of FGF in DR has yet to be determined.…”

Adult rat retinal ganglion cells and glia can be printed by piezoelectric inkjet printing

“…We show here that retinal glia from untreated adult rats are also able to highly significantly (P < 0.001) promote RGC neurite outgrowth when used as a substrate. This may be mediated through growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor which Müller glia from untreated rats have been shown to express [28,29]. Importantly, we found that growth of printed RGC on a substrate of printed glia was similarly enhanced (P < 0.001) as we had observed for the unprinted control cells, suggesting that printed glia retain their growth promoting properties and printed RGC their phenotype which allows them to respond to these factors.…”

Pigment-Epithelium-Derived Factor Is Upregulated in Photocoagulated Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

“…It has been shown that several key angiogenic factors are produced primarily by nonvascular retinal cells, including ganglion cells, glial cells and RPE cells [11][12][13][14] . Moreover, nonvascular retinal cells have been identifi ed as a potential source of molecules with antiangiogenic properties.…”

Vascular Complications and Diabetes: Current Therapies and Future Challenges

“…It comes in both a basic (bFGF) and acidic (aFGF) form, which act to stimulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and microvessel tube formation in cell types that derive from the embryonic mesoderm and ectoderm [66, 67]. FGF in the retina has been reported in ganglion inner and outer nuclear layer, basement membrane of the Muller cells, blood vessels, and retinal pigment cells [68, 69]. Despite its known angiogenic activity and presence in retinal cells, the pathologic activity of FGF in DR has yet to be determined.…”