In-Situ Investigation of Discolouration Processes Between Historic Oil Paint Pigments

White, Rachel; Phillips, M. R.; Thomas, Paul; Wuhrer, Richard

doi:10.1007/s00604-006-0563-4

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…First of all, many chemical reactions induced by water molecules, and the corresponding changes in microstructures of materials have been investigated by in situ ESEM, which mainly include metal corrosion, hydration process of building materials (cement), and decomposition/deliquescence/degradation of materials . For example, Chen et al performed in situ ESEM observation aiming to characterize the process of hydrogen generation around micro‐droplets on as‐cast AZ91 magnesium alloy in an atmosphere of water vapor .…”

Section: Recent Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hydration capabilities of the ESEM can also contribute to the study of the mechanism of discoloring interactions between paint pigments. White et al investigated the interaction (between cadmium yellow and malachite pigments) in aqueous media and the in situ imaging showed the growth of the discoloration along the interface . What is more, in situ ESEM analysis has also been a powerful tool in studying the dehydroxylation of chrysotile present in cement‐asbestos and the subsequent recrystallization into nonhazardous minerals.…”

Section: Recent Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applications of ESEM on Materials Science: Recent Updates and a Look Forward

et al. 2019

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The microscopic understanding of materials relies on the development of microscopy. Historically, the technological evolution from optical microscopes to electron microscopes has directly stimulated many discoveries of new physical and chemical fundamentals as well as advanced materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is, undoubtedly, the most widely used tool for microscopic characterization in modern materials science. Especially, the incorporation of a gas pressure around the sample area of conventional SEM, i.e., the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), has opened new possibilities in observing samples in their natural states, leading to unprecedented chances for studying the details of biological, organic, and hydrated samples. What is more, in recent years, in situ ESEM studies concerning materials change and chemical reactions have played a more important role in the field of materials science. Herein, the recent applications of ESEM in materials science are comprehensively reviewed, in terms of common static observations for various materials and in situ investigations of dynamic processes in controlled experimental environments. Moreover, the problems concerning state‐of‐the‐art ESEM experiments are discussed, as well as possible solutions. Looking forward, the rapid developments on instrumentation and fundamental science of ESEM can bring a clear vision of materials in the near future.

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Section: Recent Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of ESEM on Materials Science: Recent Updates and a Look Forward

et al. 2019

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“…Due to scientific advances during the Industrial Revolution, artists were able to obtain a range of new synthetically produced bright pigments that have since been removed from circulation due to their propensity to degrade as well as due to their toxicity~Gettens & Sterner, 1941;Doerner, 1984;Carlyle, 2001!. Pigment discoloration may be attributed to environmental causes~Carlyle, 2001!, impurities~Gettens & Sterner, 1941Spring & Grout, 2002!, or through the chemical interaction between pigments~Gettens & Sterner, 1941!. An interaction where some consensus has been reported is the interaction between cadmium sulfide pigments and any copper-containing pig-ment~Gettens & Sterner, 1941;White et al, 2006! Historically, there has been much conjecture over the pigments involved~Gettens & Sterner, 1941;Townsend et al, 1995;Carlyle, 2001!.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…copper sulfides of varying stoichiometry that affect the visual appearance of the painting~Fielder & Bayard, 1986;Salvadó et al, 2003;White et al, 2006!. It is this interaction that is the subject of the current article and, in particular, the interaction between a cadmium yellow pig-ment~cadmium sulfide with zinc sulfide in solid solution, Cd 0.85 Zn 0.15 S! copper sulfides of varying stoichiometry that affect the visual appearance of the painting~Fielder & Bayard, 1986;Salvadó et al, 2003;White et al, 2006!. It is this interaction that is the subject of the current article and, in particular, the interaction between a cadmium yellow pig-ment~cadmium sulfide with zinc sulfide in solid solution, Cd 0.85 Zn 0.15 S!…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Mapping and Scatter Diagram Analysis of the Discoloring Products Resulting from the Interaction of Artist's Pigments

et al. 2010

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The discoloring interaction between the artist's pigments cadmium yellow and the copper-containing malachite, an interaction that is conjectured to cause black spotting in oil paintings of the 19th and early 20th centuries, was examined using X-ray mapping and scatter diagram analysis. The application of these coupled techniques confirmed that copper sulfide phases were produced during discoloration reaction. Scatter diagram analysis indicated that two copper sulfide stoichiometries (CuS and Cu3S2) were present as reaction products where previously only crystalline CuS (covellite) had been identified by X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate the potential of X-ray mapping coupled with scatter diagram analysis for the identification of both crystalline and X-ray amorphous phases produced by such complex heterogeneous interactions and their applicability to the investigation of interactions of artists' pigments.

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“…The XRM analytical technique provides an image related to the distribution and relative abundance of elements within a given specimen and thus makes XRM particularly useful for i) identifying the location of individual elements, ii) mapping the spatial distribution of specific elements and iii) determining the reaction product (phases) within a sample [4][5][6]. SEM, X-ray microanalysis and XRM have been used for determination of the above points.…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of X-Ray Mapping to Investigate Art Works Before their Restoration

Wuhrer

Moran²,

Dredge

et al. 2011

Microsc Microanal

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Conservation involves the restoration and preservation of museum objects and historical monuments utilising compositional and structural information obtained from modern analytical techniques. The conservation of oil paintings requires an understanding of the individual structure of each work of art. This often involves the need for 1) correct identification of the pigments used by the artist, 2) a detailed knowledge of the chemical interactions between these pigments and 3) an understanding of [1][2][3].SEM/EDS analysis and X-ray mapping (XRM) are excellent tools for characterising the distribution of elements and phases in paint pigments as well as reacted paint pigments. The XRM analytical technique provides an image related to the distribution and relative abundance of elements within a given specimen and thus makes XRM particularly useful for i) identifying the location of individual elements, ii) mapping the spatial distribution of specific elements and iii) determining the reaction product (phases) within a sample [4][5][6]. SEM, X-ray microanalysis and XRM have been used for determination of the above points. Small paint chips were carefully excised from pre-existing damaged regions in each work of art and embedded in polyester resin (Struers Serifix), matching the hardness of an aged oil paint film. These samples were then carefully cross-sectioned with a microtome. The exposed sections were examined by optical microscopy under both incident visible and ultraviolet illumination.Prior to imaging and analysis in the SEM, the microtomed resin blocks containing the cross-section of each paint chip were coated with 30nm of carbon to prevent localised charging under the electron beam, using a Balzers CEA010 carbon thread evaporation attachment connected to a Balzers SCD020 sputter coating unit. Each specimen was analysed using a JEOL 35CF SEM equipped with an Oxford energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) X-ray detector with a Moran Scientific X-ray analysis and mapping system. SEI and BSE imaging were used to locate individual paint pigments for X-ray analysis. Pigments were then identified using a database of x-ray spectra collected from a broad range of 19 th and 20 th century pigments. Many of the pigments used in this era contained a signature element, which was utilised to map the distribution of each pigment within a given layer.

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In-Situ Investigation of Discolouration Processes Between Historic Oil Paint Pigments

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Applications of ESEM on Materials Science: Recent Updates and a Look Forward

Applications of ESEM on Materials Science: Recent Updates and a Look Forward

X-Ray Mapping and Scatter Diagram Analysis of the Discoloring Products Resulting from the Interaction of Artist's Pigments

Use of X-Ray Mapping to Investigate Art Works Before their Restoration

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