In situ identification of the molecular-scale interactions of phenol-formaldehyde resin and wood cell walls using infrared nanospectroscopy

Wang, Xinzhou; Deng, Yonghe; Li, Yanjun; Kjoller, Kevin; Roy, Anirban; Wang, Siqun

doi:10.1039/c6ra13159j

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The intensity of the C=C stretching and C-O stretching at 1656 cm −1 , 1376 cm −1 , and 1336 cm −1 decreased significantly, while some new bands at 1287 cm −1 and 778 cm −1 appeared as compared to the control cell wall, which can be attributed to the penetration of PF resin into the cell wall [33,34]. Moreover, a relatively broader band between 1150 cm −1 and 1100 cm −1 appeared in the spectra of modified wood, corresponding to the asymmetric stretching vibration of C-O-C aliphatic ether, which is in agreement with the literature that the chemical reactions of the -OH groups of wood and PF resin occurred at the cell wall level [35,36]. appeared as compared to the control cell wall, which can be attributed to the penetration of PF resin into the cell wall [33,34].…”

Section: Local Chemical Analysis By Ramansupporting

confidence: 88%

Multi-Scale Evaluation of the Effect of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Impregnation on the Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Pinus Massoniana Lamb.

Wang

Chen

Xie³

et al. 2019

Forests

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The local chemistry and mechanics of the control and phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin modified wood cell walls were analyzed to illustrate the modification mechanism of wood. Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is most widely distributed in the subtropical regions of China. However, the dimensional instability and low strength of the wood limits its use. Thus, the wood was modified by PF resin at concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. The density, surface morphology, chemical structure, cell wall mechanics, shrinking and swelling properties, and macro-mechanical properties of Masson pine wood were analyzed to evaluate the modification effectiveness. The morphology and Raman spectra changes indicated that PF resin not only filled in the cell lumens, but also penetrated into cell walls and interacted with cell wall polymers. The filling and diffusing of resin in wood resulted in improved dimensional stability, such as lower swelling and shrinking coefficients, an increase in the elastic modulus (Er) and hardness (H) of wood cell walls, the hardness of the transverse section and compressive strength of the wood. Both the dimensional stability and mechanical properties improved as the PF concentration increased to 20%; that is, a PF concentration of 20% may be preferred to modify Masson pine wood.

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Section: Local Chemical Analysis By Ramansupporting

confidence: 88%

Multi-Scale Evaluation of the Effect of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Impregnation on the Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Pinus Massoniana Lamb.

Wang

Chen

Xie³

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…There are few reports about plant cell wall chemistry at the nanoscale without using any form of extraction or special treatment. The techniques used in these studies are based on IR spectroscopy, either using AFM-IR (Wang et al, 2016) or an analogous technique, such as photonic-nanomechanical force microscopy (Tetard et al, 2015;Farahi et al, 2017). Wang et al (2016) accurately measured the penetration of resin in the cell wall using AFM-IR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The techniques used in these studies are based on IR spectroscopy, either using AFM-IR (Wang et al, 2016) or an analogous technique, such as photonic-nanomechanical force microscopy (Tetard et al, 2015;Farahi et al, 2017). Wang et al (2016) accurately measured the penetration of resin in the cell wall using AFM-IR. Tetard et al (2015) and Farahi et al (2017) also identified nanoscale compositional changes of lignin and cellulose dominance in the cell wall after treatments with extractives based on photonic-nanomechanical force microscopy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous tests with samples that were fixed and embedded in LR White resin according to standard methods, such as for transmission electron microscopy, it was not possible to distinguish the cell wall from the resin spectra (data not shown). Resins can almost entirely penetrate the cell wall and can be detected in IR spectra (Wang et al, 2016). Considering the challenging sample preparation procedure without any fixative and resin, only a few cuts of one sample from P. nigra were sufficiently thin and flat enough for SINS and AFM-IR measurements.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infrared Nanospectroscopy Reveals the Chemical Nature of Pit Membranes in Water-Conducting Cells of the Plant Xylem

et al. 2018

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In the xylem of angiosperm plants, microscopic pits through the secondary cell walls connect the water-conducting vessels. Cellulosic meshes originated from primary walls, and middle lamella between adjacent vessels, called the pit membrane, separates one conduit from another. The intricate structure of the nano-sized pores in pit membranes enables the passage of water under negative pressure without hydraulic failure due to obstruction by gas bubbles (i.e. embolism) under normal conditions or mild drought stress. Since the chemical composition of pit membranes affects embolism formation and bubble behavior, we directly measured pit membrane composition in wood. Here, we characterized the chemical composition of cell wall structures by synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy and atomic force microscopy-infrared nanospectroscopy with high spatial resolution. Characteristic peaks of cellulose, phenolic compounds, and proteins were found in the intervessel pit membranes of wood. In addition, the vessel to parenchyma pit membranes and developing cell walls of the vascular cambium showed clear signals of cellulose, proteins, and pectin. We did not find a distinct peak of lignin and other compounds in these structures. Our investigation of the complex chemical composition of intervessel pit membranes furthers our understanding of the flow of water and bubbles between neighboring conduits. The advances presented here pave the way for further label-free studies related to the nanochemistry of plant cell components.

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“…This is an obvious drawback which needs to be overcome when these resins used. [59] PF (phenol-formaldehyde) resins and their reinforced materials can also resist harsh thermal conditions, they can be used as carbon-mineral materials by blending with other substances and they also have other applications [60][61][62] ; however, researchers should also consider their adhesive and toughness properties during applications.…”

Section: Farid Bakir Is Professor At Arts Et Métiers Paristech Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overall Investigation of Poly (Phenylene Sulfide) from Synthesis and Process to Applications—A Review

Zuo

Tcharkhtchi

Shirinbayan

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

102

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Poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is one kind of high‐performance polymer with high thermal stability that can be used widely in different industrial domains. However, according to an investigation of the literature, few reviews have comprehensively focused on the continuous development of PPS applications in the past decade. To meet this demand, this paper provides an overall investigation of PPS polymer and PPS‐based composites from synthesis and process to applications. Briefly, this paper introduces PPS materials according to the following topics. First, the molecular weight distribution and morphology of PPS, as well as their reinforced parts, are introduced. Afterward, the topic is focused on the synthesis, process, and blending of PPS. In the next part, this paper investigates the key points regarding PPS as a high‐performance polymer, focusing on the aspect of thermal behavior and mechanical properties. Finally, PPS composite applications are emphasized and overviewed from a wide range of aspects.

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In situ identification of the molecular-scale interactions of phenol-formaldehyde resin and wood cell walls using infrared nanospectroscopy

Abstract: Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), contact resonance AFM (CR-AFM) measurement, and nanoindentation were combined to identify the interactions between wood cell wall and phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) on the nanoscale.

Cited by 52 publications

References 24 publications

Multi-Scale Evaluation of the Effect of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Impregnation on the Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Pinus Massoniana Lamb.

Multi-Scale Evaluation of the Effect of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Impregnation on the Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Pinus Massoniana Lamb.

Infrared Nanospectroscopy Reveals the Chemical Nature of Pit Membranes in Water-Conducting Cells of the Plant Xylem

Overall Investigation of Poly (Phenylene Sulfide) from Synthesis and Process to Applications—A Review

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