In situ evaluation of air‐sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers

Nightingale, Philip D.; Malin, Gill; Law, Cliff S.; Watson, Andrew J.; Liss, Peter S.; Liddicoat, M.I.; Boutin, Jacqueline; Upstill‐Goddard, Robert C.

doi:10.1029/1999gb900091

Cited by 1,293 publications

(1,477 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Deliberate tracer experiments by Watson et al (1992) and Nightingale et al, (2000b) support a Sc −1/2 dependence of gas transfer for the wind speeds sampled here. However, relatively few such studies have been carried out.…”

Section: Knorr 06 Dms Air/sea Fluxes and Gas Transfer Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Air/sea fluxes of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were measured by eddy correlation over the Eastern South Pacific Ocean during January 2006. The cruise track extended from Manzanillo, Mexico, along 110 • W, to Punta Arenas, Chile. Bulk air and surface ocean DMS levels were also measured and gas transfer coefficients (k DMS ) were computed. Air and seawater DMS measurements were made using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (API-CIMS) and a gas/liquid membrane equilibrator. Mean surface seawater DMS concentrations were 3.8±2.2 nM and atmospheric mixing ratios were 340±370 ppt. The air/sea flux of DMS was uniformly out of the ocean, with an average value of 12±15 µmol m −2 d −1 . Sea surface concentration and flux were highest around 15 • S, in a region influenced by shelf waters and lowest around 25 • S, in low chlorophyll gyre waters. The DMS gas transfer coefficient exhibited a linear wind speed-dependence over the wind speed range of 1 to 9 m s −1 . This relationship is compared with previously measured estimates of k from DMS, CO 2 , and dual tracer data from the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, and with the NOAA/COARE gas transfer model. The model generated slope of k vs. wind speed is at the low end of those observed in previous DMS field studies.

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Section: Knorr 06 Dms Air/sea Fluxes and Gas Transfer Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean

et al. 2009

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“…Marine DMS emissions are based on DMS seawater concentrations of Kettle and Andreae [2000] and the air-sea exchange rate based on Nightingale et al [2000]. Terrestrial biogenic DMS emissions follow Pham et al [1995].…”

Section: Aerosol Module Hammentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of aerosol‐chemistry‐climate ECHAM5‐HAMMOZ: 1. Model description and insights from the spring 2001 TRACE‐P experiment

et al. 2008

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[1] In this paper, we introduce the ECHAM5-HAMMOZ aerosol-chemistry-climate model that includes fully interactive simulations of Ox-NOx-hydrocarbons chemistry and of aerosol microphysics (including prognostic size distribution and mixing state of aerosols) implemented in the General Circulation Model ECHAM5. The photolysis rates used in the gas chemistry account for aerosol and cloud distributions and a comprehensive set of heterogeneous reactions is implemented. The model is evaluated with trace gas and aerosol observations provided by the TRACE-P aircraft experiment. Sulfate concentrations are well captured but black carbon concentrations are underestimated. The number concentrations, surface areas, and optical properties are reproduced fairly well near the surface but underestimated in the upper troposphere. CO concentrations are well reproduced in general while O 3 concentrations are overestimated by 10-20 ppbv. We find that heterogeneous chemistry significantly influences the regional and global distributions of a number of key trace gases. Heterogeneous reactions reduce the ozone surface concentrations by 18-23% over the TRACE-P region and the global annual mean O 3 burden by 7%. The annual global mean OH concentration decreases by 10% inducing a 7% increase in the global CO burden. Annual global mean HNO 3 surface concentration decreases by 15% because of heterogenous reaction on mineral dust. A comparison of our results to those from previous studies suggests that the choice of uptake coefficients for a given species is the critical parameter that determines the global impact of heterogeneous chemistry on a trace gas (rather than the description of aerosol properties and distributions). A prognostic description of the size distribution and mixing state of the aerosols is important, however, to account for the effect of heterogeneous chemistry on aerosols as further discussed in the second part of this two-part series.Citation: Pozzoli, L., I. Bey, S. Rast, M. G. Schultz, P. Stier, and J. Feichter (2008), Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of aerosol-chemistry-climate ECHAM5-HAMMOZ: 1. Model description and insights from the spring 2001 TRACE-P experiment,

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“…Gas exchange rates between the atmosphere and the oceans depend on the concentration difference between the two reservoirs and on the exchange rates (Liss and Merlivat, 1986;Liss et al, 1997;Nightingale et al, 2000). In the case of some reactive gases emitted from the ocean and rapidly degraded in the atmosphere, atmospheric concentrations are effectively zero.…”

Section: Gas Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the oceans in climate

Bigg

Jickells

Liss

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Climatology

118

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The ocean is increasingly seen as a vital component of the climate system. It exchanges with the atmosphere large quantities of heat, water, gases, particles and momentum. It is an important part of the global redistribution of heat from tropics to polar regions keeping our planet habitable, particularly equatorward of about 30°. In this article we review recent work examining the role of the oceans in climate, focusing on research in the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC and later. We discuss the general nature of oceanic climate variability and the large role played by stochastic variability in the interaction of the atmosphere and ocean. We consider the growing evidence for biogeochemical interaction of climatic significance between ocean and atmosphere. Air-sea exchange of several radiatively important gases, in particular CO 2 , is a major mechanism for altering their atmospheric concentrations. Some more reactive gases, such as dimethyl sulphide, can alter cloud formation and hence albedo. Particulates containing iron and originating over land can alter ocean primary productivity and hence feedbacks to other biogeochemical exchanges. We show that not only the tropical Pacific Ocean basin can exhibit coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction, but also the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Longer lived interactions in the North Pacific and Southern Ocean (the circumpolar wave) are also reviewed. The role of the thermohaline circulation in long-term and abrupt climatic change is examined, with the freshwater budget of the ocean being a key factor for the degree, and longevity, of change. The potential for the Mediterranean outflow to contribute to abrupt change is raised. We end by examining the probability of thermohaline changes in a future of global warming.

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In situ evaluation of air‐sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers

Cited by 1,293 publications

References 54 publications

Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean

Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean

Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of aerosol‐chemistry‐climate ECHAM5‐HAMMOZ: 1. Model description and insights from the spring 2001 TRACE‐P experiment

The role of the oceans in climate

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