In Situ Ellipsometry to Monitor Swelling and Dissolution of Thin Polymer Films

Papanu, J. S.; Hess, Dennis W.; Bell, Alexis T.; Soane, David S.

doi:10.1149/1.2096852

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…There are a number of experimental techniques available to determine the diffusion coefficient of a particular compound in a polymer film, including scanning IR microscopy, light scattering, neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman scattering, IR spectroscopy, and elipsometry [32][33][34][35]. Our experimental procedure is an established standard physical chemistry technique and gives an estimation of the diffusion rates in the material.…”

Section: Experimental Methods To Find Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monomer diffusion rates in photopolymer material Part II High-frequency gratings and bulk diffusion

Gleeson

Mooney

et al. 2011

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

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Photosensitive polymers are of practical importance, and mass transport within such materials plays a critical role in their behavior. Building on the work in Part I [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B doc. ID 136413 (posted 5 January 2011, in press)], the diffusion constants of a number of materials (i.e., acrylamide, polyacrylamide, water, propanol, and acetone) within a photosensitive layer are measured. A combination of optical and physical chemistry techniques is applied under different conditions. Determining the rates of diffusion is beneficial as it: (i) indicates material stability over time and (ii) supports material characterization, modeling, and performance optimization.

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Section: Experimental Methods To Find Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monomer diffusion rates in photopolymer material Part II High-frequency gratings and bulk diffusion

Gleeson

Mooney

et al. 2011

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

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“…[69][70][71][72][73][74] In these measurements the changes in a conjugated polymer fi lm's refractive index and thickness are monitored in a non-absorbing spectral region while the sample is exposed to controlled amounts of the co-solvent vapor (for experimental details, see the Supporting Information (SI)). Since most of the previous work on SqP is focused on P3HT, [ 20,22,37,38,48,56,57 ] we begin by examining the volume changes of swollen thin fi lms of P3HT that have varying degrees of crystallinity.…”

Section: Using Porosimetry-ellipsometry To Quantify Conjugated Polymementioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Processing for Organic Photovoltaics: Design Rules for Morphology Control by Tailored Semi‐Orthogonal Solvent Blends

Aguirre

Hawks

Ferreira

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

166

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Design rules are presented for significantly expanding sequential processing (SqP) into previously inaccessible polymer:fullerene systems by tailoring binary solvent blends for fullerene deposition. Starting with a base solvent that has high fullerene solubility, 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP), ellipsometry‐based swelling experiments are used to investigate different co‐solvents for the fullerene‐casting solution. By tuning the Flory‐Huggins χ parameter of the 2‐CP/co‐solvent blend, it is possible to optimally swell the polymer of interest for fullerene interdiffusion without dissolution of the polymer underlayer. In this way solar cell power conversion efficiencies are obtained for the PTB7 (poly[(4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl)(3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl)]) and PC61BM (phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) materials combination that match those of blend‐cast films. Both semicrystalline (e.g., P3HT (poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl)) and entirely amorphous (e.g., PSDTTT (poly[(4,8‐di(2‐butyloxy)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl)‐alt‐(2,5‐bis(4,4′‐bis(2‐octyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′3′‐d]silole‐2,6‐diyl)thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole)]) conjugated polymers can be processed into highly efficient photovoltaic devices using the solvent‐blend SqP design rules. Grazing‐incidence wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction experiments confirm that proper choice of the fullerene casting co‐solvent yields well‐ordered interdispersed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphologies without the need for subsequent thermal annealing or the use of trace solvent additives (e.g., diiodooctane). The results open SqP to polymer/fullerene systems that are currently incompatible with traditional methods of device fabrication, and make BHJ morphology control a more tractable problem.

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“…The basics of ellipsometric measurements were explained by Papanu et al [112] with the aid of Fig. 40.…”

Section: Ellipsometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of polymer dissolution

Miller-Chou

Koenig

2003

Progress in Polymer Science

886

665

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Polymer dissolution in solvents is an important area of interest in polymer science and engineering because of its many applications in industry such as microlithography, membrane science, plastics recycling, and drug delivery. Unlike nonpolymeric materials, polymers do not dissolve instantaneously, and the dissolution is controlled by either the disentanglement of the polymer chains or by the diffusion of the chains through a boundary layer adjacent to the polymer-solvent interface. This review provides a general overview of several aspects of the dissolution of amorphous polymers and is divided into four sections which highlight (1) experimentally observed dissolution phenomena and mechanisms reported to this date, (2) solubility behavior of polymers and their solvents, (3) models used to interpret and understand polymer dissolution, and (4) techniques used to characterize the dissolution process. q

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In Situ Ellipsometry to Monitor Swelling and Dissolution of Thin Polymer Films

Cited by 41 publications

References 15 publications

Monomer diffusion rates in photopolymer material Part II High-frequency gratings and bulk diffusion

Monomer diffusion rates in photopolymer material Part II High-frequency gratings and bulk diffusion

Sequential Processing for Organic Photovoltaics: Design Rules for Morphology Control by Tailored Semi‐Orthogonal Solvent Blends

A review of polymer dissolution

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