In-situ EIS to determine impedance spectra of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries during charge and discharge cycle

Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of a Three-Electrode Lithium-Ion Battery during Pulse Charge and Discharge

“…Inductive behavior at lower frequencies has been reported by researches [1,2,17]. However, the corresponding causes are controversial, as discussed in Ref.…”

“…The methods to measure the DEIS of lithium-ion batteries can be categorized into two types: one measures the DEIS during continuous charge/discharge [4,7,8,11,15,17], hereafter referred to as CDEIS, the other measures the DEIS during pulse charge/ discharge [2,5,6,16], hereafter referred to as PDEIS.…”

“…They also found the differences between the charge transfer resistance obtained from the SEIS and that from the DEIS. Later on, they explored the differences between intercalation and deintercalation reactions using a three-electrode lithium-ion battery [17].…”

“…However, the corresponding causes are controversial, as discussed in Ref. [17] (see section 3.2). (2) A quantitative formulation of the stationary condition in DEIS test is missing.…”

“…(3) The causes for the differences between charge and discharge capability of the battery, especially at low temperatures [11], are still not well understood. Employing a three-electrode lithium-ion battery and the CDEIS method, Itagaki et al revealed that the charge transfer resistance during intercalation process is smaller than that during deintercalation process for both electrodes [17]. They explained this finding as follows: first, during intercalation, the reactants are lithium ions in the electrolyte phase which are assumed to have a constant concentration; second, during deintercalation, the reactants are "lithium atoms" in the active particle with a decreasing concentration from the core to the electrode/electrolyte interface; third, the rate of charge transfer reaction depends on the surface concentration of reactants.…”