In situ detection of trinitrotoluene and other nitrated explosives in soils

Buttner, William J.; Findlay, Melvin W; Vickers, W.; Davis, W. M.; Cespedes, Ernesto R.; Cooper, Stafford S.; Adams, Jane W.

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00507-7

Cited by 53 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Thermal decomposition of explosives over heated noble metal surfaces generates characteristic pyrolysis products that can be detected by amperometric gas sensors. This effect was used to develop a method for the detection of TNT vapours in soils 5,39 . The distribution of thermal products depends primarily on the temperature and nature of the catalytic surface, which can be controlled and on the compound undergoing pyrolysis.…”

Section: Electrochemical Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Landmine Detection Technologies to Trace Explosive Vapour Detection Techniques

Kapoor

Kannan

2007

DSJ

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Large quantity of explosive is manufactured worldwide for use in various types of ammunition, arms, and mines, and used in armed conflicts. During manufacturing and usage of the explosive equipment, some of the explosive residues are released into the environment in the form of contaminated effluents, unburnt explosives fumes and vapours. Limited but uncontrolled continuous release of trace vapours also takes place when explosive-laden landmines are deployed in the field. One of the major technological challenges in post-war scenario worldwide is the detection of landmines using these trace vapour signatures and neutralising them safely. Different types of explosives are utilised as the main charge in antipersonnel and antitank landmines. In this paper, an effort has been made to review the techniques so far available based on explosive vapour detection especially to detect the landmines. A comprehensive compilation of relevant information on the techniques is presented, and their maturity levels, shortcomings, and difficulties faced are highlighted.

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Section: Electrochemical Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For detecting explosives vapours, many techniques such as electrochemical 5 , chromatographic techniques 6 , optical fibre 7 , fluorescence detection 8,9 , x-ray diffraction 10 , and surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor 11,12 , have been reported.…”

Section: Review Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Landmine Detection Technologies to Trace Explosive Vapour Detection Techniques

Kapoor

Kannan

2007

DSJ

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“…Possible disadvantages include non-specificity and decomposition of thermally instable molecules. However, these decomposition products may have analytical values: the decomposition products of TNT in soils have been used in in situ amperometric gas sensor detection (Buttner et al, 1997).…”

Section: G Thermal Desorption (Td)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra‐traces of explosives: A review

Mäkinen

Nousiainen

Sillanpää

2011

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

142

102

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In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.

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“…4) There is also possibility that these explosive-residue related pollutants can be enriched and enter in food chain. 5) Due to these facts, rapid, sensitive and unambiguous detection of various explosives from different environmental sources with minimal sample handling are highly demanding. In addition to this, improvised explosives are manufactured and used for global terrorist activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Level Detection of Explosives in Solution Using Leidenfrost Phenomenon Assisted Thermal Desorption Ambient Mass Spectrometry

Saha¹,

Mandal²,

Chen³

et al. 2013

Mass Spectrometry

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The present paper demonstrates the detection of explosives in solution using thermal desorption technique at a temperature higher than Leidenfrost temperature of the solvent in combination with low temperature plasma (LTP) ionization. Leidenfrost temperature of a solvent is the temperature above which the solvent droplet starts levitation instead of splashing when placed on a hot metallic surface. During this desorption process, slow and gentle solvent evaporation takes place, which leads to the pre-concentration of less-volatile explosive molecules in the droplet and the explosive molecules are released at the last moment of droplet evaporation. The limits of detection for explosives studied by using this thermal desorption LTP ionization method varied in a range of 1 to 10 parts per billion (ppb) using a droplet volume of 20 µL (absolute sample amount 90-630 fmol). As LTP ionization method was applied and ion-molecule reactions took place in ambient atmosphere, various ion-molecule adduct species like [− were generated together with [M−H] − peak.Each peak was unambiguously identified using 'Exactive Orbitrap' mass spectrometer in negative ionization mode within 3 ppm deviation compared to its exact mass. This newly developed technique was successfully applied to detect four explosives contained in the pond water and soil sample with minor sample pre-treatment and the explosives were detected with ppb levels. The present method is simple, rapid and can detect trace levels of explosives with high specificity from solutions.

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In situ detection of trinitrotoluene and other nitrated explosives in soils

Cited by 53 publications

References 5 publications

Landmine Detection Technologies to Trace Explosive Vapour Detection Techniques

Landmine Detection Technologies to Trace Explosive Vapour Detection Techniques

Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra‐traces of explosives: A review

Trace Level Detection of Explosives in Solution Using Leidenfrost Phenomenon Assisted Thermal Desorption Ambient Mass Spectrometry

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