In situ deposited multilayer integrated hydrogels for deformable and stretchable supercapacitors

Abstract

Hydrogel systems promote the development of flexible energy storage devices because of their inherent mechanical elasticity and ionic conductivity. However, achieving stable energy storage capacity under violent mechanical deformation is still a challenge for hydrogel devices. In this work, an all-in-one integrated supercapacitor (AISC) was assembled using in situ deposited polyaniline/graphene oxide nanocomposites for both sides of the incorporated ionic hydrogel electrolyte. The assembly process of the AISC was greatly simplified, and the displacement and separation of the multilayer structured hydrogel complex were avoided during mechanical deformation. The hydrogel electrolyte with ionic additives exhibited strong adhesion and flexibility, and high ionic conductivity, thereby ensuring the excellent specific capacitance and rate performance of the AISC. The specific capacitances of the AISC were 222.8 mF cm −2 at the current density of 0.2 mA cm −2 and 151.7 mF cm −2 at 3.2 mA cm −2 . The capacitance retention rate was 68.1%. The energy density of a piece of the device reached 44.6 µW h cm −2 at a power density of 120.0 µW cm −2 . Moreover, reliable and reproducible energy storage was acquired under bending, compression, and stretching deformations. The AISC was also easily assembled in series to power a light-emitting diode (LED) light. This work provides a facile approach to the construction of flexible supercapacitors for the development of energy storage devices in flexible electronics.

A short review on the synthesis and advance applications of polyaniline hydrogels

“…The composite hydrogel has the advantage of being able to function as binder-free supercapacitor electrodes, making it a feasible option for high-performance, low-cost energy storage devices. For both sides of the included ionic hydrogel electrolyte, in situ deposited PANI/graphene oxide nanocomposites were used to assemble an all-in-one integrated supercapacitor (AISC) by Ren et al 84 The AISC assembly process was considerably simplified, and mechanical deformation did not result in the displacement or separation of the multilayer structured hydrogel complex. The ionic additives in the hydrogel electrolyte provided strong adhesion and flexibility, as well as high ionic conductivity, ensuring the AISC's superior specific capacitance and rate performance.…”

Swelling-resistant microgel-reinforced hydrogel polymer electrolytes for flexible all-in-one supercapacitors with high performances

“…(Table S1, ESI †). 22,23,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] As an important parameter of HPE, the effect of the H 3 PO 4 concentration on the mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of the hydrogel was also investigated. As shown in Fig.…”

“…(Table S1, ESI †). 22,23,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] The good electrochemical performance could be attributed to the high ionic conductivity of PAMPS/PAM-5P MR HPE and the enhanced electronic conductivity of the nonlaminated electrode-electrolyte design. To characterize the charge transport process, the EIS tests were performed on the flexible all-in-one supercapacitor.…”

“…4g). 14,22,24,34–36,39–43 Fig. 4h showed the cycling stability of the supercapacitor through 5000 GCD cycles at a current density of 2.0 mA cm −2 .…”

Tough, self-healable, antifreezing and redox-mediated gel polymer electrolyte with three-role K3[Fe(CN)]6 for wearable flexible supercapacitors

“…Current research has been devoted to enhancing the self-healability of GPEs by introducing noncovalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, coordination, borate ester bonds, and host-guest interactions) [11][12][13][14]. However, self-healable GPEs usually exhibit poor mechanical properties because of the inherent contradiction between the dynamic crosslinking required for healing and the steady crosslinking required for mechanical strength [15,16]. Therefore, it is necessary to create an integrated GPE exhibiting both excellent self-healing and good mechanical performance.…”