In Situ Characterization of Twin Nucleation in Pure Ti Using 3D-XRD

On the mechanistic basis of deformation at the microscale in hexagonal close-packed metals

“…Bieler et al [92] used three-dimensional XRD to study {1012} twinning in Ti and extracted average (grain centroid) strain from far-field measurements. One grain, surrounded by hard grains, activated twinning on the expected (from macro-loading) plane; however, in two other grains, surrounded by softer neighbours, the activated twinning was not on the plane with the highest resolved shear stress and the authors attributed this to slip-stimulated twinning from the grain neighbourhood.…”

Study of 3-D stress development in parent and twin pairs of a hexagonal close-packed polycrystal: Part I – in-situ three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurement

“…A similar experiment was performed by Aydiner et al [14] where they showed that the normal stresses at the twin boundary in a single parent and twin pair are identical. A more detailed description of the twin nucleation mechanism in another hcp polycrystal, a commercially pure titanium (CPTi) sample, was given by Bieler et al [15] where the effects of soft and hard neighbors on the variant selection occurring during twin nucleation in three twinned grains was studied using 3DXRD. At a larger http scale, a comprehensive 2D statistical study of grain size, orientation, and boundary lengths on twin nucleation in Zr and Mg samples was given by Capolungo et al [16] and Beyerlein et al [17], respectively, using ElectronBackscattered Diffraction (EBSD).…”

Martensite formation during incremental cooling of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys: An in-situ bulk X-ray study of the grain-averaged and single-grain behavior

“…[18] at M s ) for the alloys are given in The FABLE software package [15,19] was used to analyze the 3DXRD dataset to determine the position and orientation of specific individual grains [20][21][22]. (Table 1).…”