In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Amaudruz, P.; Batygov, M.; Beltrán, B.; Bina, C. E.; Bishop, D.; Bonatt, J.; Boorman, G.; Boulay, M. G.; Broerman, B.; Bromwich, Talitha; Bueno, J. F.; Butcher, A.; Cai, B.; Chan, S.; Chen, M.; Chouinard, R.; Churchwell, S.; Cleveland, B. T.; Cranshaw, D. J.; Dering, K.; Dittmeier, Sebastian; Duncan, F. A.; Dunford, M.; Erlandson, A.; Fatemighomi, N.; Ford, R.; Gagnon, R.; Giampa, P.; Golovko, V. V.; Gorel, P.; Gornea, R.; Grace, E.; Graham, K.; Grant, D.; Gulyev, E.; Hall, A. Reinsvold; Hallin, A. L.; Hamstra, M.; Harvey, P. J.; Hearns, C.; Jillings, C.; Kamaev, O.; Kemp, A.; Kuźniak, M.; Langrock, S.; Zia, F. La; Lehnert, B.; Li, O.; Lidgard, J.; Liimatainen, P.; Lim, C. L.; Lindner, T.; Linn, Y.; Liu, S.; Mathew, Rogers; McDonald, A. B.; McElroy, Thomas; McFarlane, K. W.; McLaughlin, J.; Mead, S.; Mehdiyev, R.; Mielnichuk, C.; Monroe, J.; Muir, A.; Nadeau, P.; Nantais, C.; Ng, C.; Noble, A. J.; O’Dwyer, E.; Ohlmann, C.; Olchanski, K.; Olsen, Kevin; Ouellet, C.; Pasuthip, P.; Peeters, S. J. M.; Pollmann, T. R.; Rand, E. T.; Rau, W.; Rethmeier, C.; Retière, F.; Seeburn, N.; Shaw, B.; Singhrao, Kamal; Skensved, P.; Smith, B. C.; Smith, N. J. T.; Sonley, T. J.; Stainforth, R.; Stone, Connor; Strickland, V.; Sur, B.; Tang, J.; Taylor, John; Veloce, L. M.; Vázquez‐Jáuregui, E.; Walding, J.; Ward, M.; Westerdale, S.; White, R.; Woolsey, E.; Zielinski, J.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.058

Cited by 42 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The GAr and LAr regions are viewed by an array of 255 inward-facing 8 00 diameter Hamamatsu R5912 HQE low radioactivity photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The characterization of these PMTs is discussed in [11]. These PMTs are optically coupled to 45 cm long UVA acrylic FIG.…”

Section: A Detector Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following AV PMT characteristics were calibrated before the detector was filled with LAr: (1) the channelto-channel PMT timing variation, which is constrained to <1 ns, (2) the relative channel efficiencies (CEs), which besides the PMTs' quantum efficiencies include the effect of attenuation in the LGs and LG-PMT couplings, and (3) the PMTs' afterpulsing (AP) rates and time distributions [10,11]. Since the LAr fill, the stability of the relative efficiencies and of the afterpulsing rates is monitored continuously, and the PMT single photoelectron (SPE) charge response is calibrated daily to within AE0.3%ðstatÞ AE3%ðsystÞ [11]. The ongoing monitoring and calibration use both an LED light injection system [10,11] and the LAr scintillation light.…”

Section: Pmt Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the LAr fill, the stability of the relative efficiencies and of the afterpulsing rates is monitored continuously, and the PMT single photoelectron (SPE) charge response is calibrated daily to within AE0.3%ðstatÞ AE3%ðsystÞ [11]. The ongoing monitoring and calibration use both an LED light injection system [10,11] and the LAr scintillation light. The efficiencies and SPE charge response of the MV PMTs are also calibrated regularly using injected LED light.…”

Section: Pmt Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Search for dark matter with a 231-day exposure of liquid argon using DEAP-3600 at SNOLAB

Ajaj¹,

Amaudruz²,

Araujo³

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. D

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150

165

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DEAP-3600 is a single-phase liquid argon (LAr) direct-detection dark matter experiment, operating 2 km underground at SNOLAB (Sudbury, Canada). The detector consists of 3279 kg of LAr contained in a spherical acrylic vessel. This paper reports on the analysis of a 758 tonne · day exposure taken over a period of 231 live-days during the first year of operation. No candidate signal events are observed in the WIMP-search region of interest, which results in the leading limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section on a LAr target of 3.9 × 10 −45 cm 2 (1.5 × 10 −44 cm 2 ) for a 100 GeV=c 2 (1 TeV=c 2 ) WIMP mass at 90% C.L. In addition to a detailed background model, this analysis demonstrates the best pulseshape discrimination in LAr at threshold, employs a Bayesian photoelectron-counting technique to improve the energy resolution and discrimination efficiency, and utilizes two position reconstruction algorithms based on the charge and photon detection time distributions observed in each photomultiplier tube.

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Section: A Detector Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pmt Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pmt Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Search for dark matter with a 231-day exposure of liquid argon using DEAP-3600 at SNOLAB

Ajaj¹,

Amaudruz²,

Araujo³

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. D

Self Cite

150

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The R1408 is far from the cutting edge, so this work also considers what could be achieved if they were were replaced with more modern 8" variants (section 4.5). The PMT referred to as HQE (High Quantum Efficiency) uses efficiency curves and charge distributions measured for the Hamamatsu R5912 [8].…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-site event discrimination in large liquid scintillation detectors

Dunger

Biller

2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Simulation studies have been carried out to explore the ability to discriminate between single-site and multi-site energy depositions in large scale liquid scintillation detectors. A robust approach has been found that is predicted to lead to a significant statistical separation for a large variety of event classes, providing a powerful tool to discriminate against backgrounds and break important degeneracies in signal extraction. This has particularly relevant implications for liquid scintillator searches for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) from 130 Te and 136 Xe, where it is possible for a true 0νββ signal to be distinguished from most radioactive backgrounds (including those from cosmogenic production) as well as unknown gamma lines from the target isotope.1 The detector geometry closely matches the SNO+ detector but the number of functioning PMTs and the exact scintillator model will differ.2 collection efficiency × quantum efficiency 3 the pre-pulsing and after-pulsing behaviour is the same as the R1408.

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“…The parameter is regularly calibrated for each PMT Using the calibration the PE value for each pulse is measured. Figure is taken from a DEAP-3600 paper which has been recently submitted for publication [68] and was created by other members of the DEAP collaboration.…”

Section: Pementioning

confidence: 99%

A Search for the Neutrinoles Double Electron Capture of 36Ar and a Measurement of the Specific Activity of 39Ar in Atmospheric Argon with the DEAP-3600 Detector

Dunford¹

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The DEAP-3600 Dark Matter detector, located 2 km underground at SNOLAB, uses up to 3600 kg of natural atmospheric argon as its detection medium. The isotopes 36 Ar and 39 Ar are present in small quantities in argon found in the atmosphere, and so are present within DEAP-3600. These isotopes can be examined in data collected for a Dark Matter search. 36 Ar could undergo an exotic decay process called neutrinoless double electron capture. This decay violates lepton number conservation and its observation would provide a clear indication of physics beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Three modes of this decay with different final states could be detected with DEAP-3600 if they occur. A search for this decay was performed on an isotopic exposure of 6.67 kg·years with the DEAP-3600 detector. A fit to this data has yielded lower limits on the half-life of 36 Ar of T 1/2 > 4.8 x 10 20 years. 39 Ar is a beta-emitting isotope and is a major background for DEAP-3600 and other argon-based dark matter experiments. A measurement of the specific activity of 39 Ar in natural atmospheric argon has been performed on a total argon mass exposure of 2200 kg·years taken over a period of 12 months; 185 individual measurements were made. The specific activity is determined to be (0.953 ± 0.028)Bq·kg −1 atm Ar , corresponding to a concentration of (7.6 ± 0.2)x10 −16 g39 Ar /gatm Ar . ii Acknowledgments I would first like to thank Dr. Kevin Graham and Dr. Björn Lehnert for their guidance and support over the time that I have been a part of the DEAP collaboration, and must again thank Kevin for all of the time I have spent at Carleton. I feel I have grown as a physicist, and while this is surely the point of completing a PhD, I didn't know beforehand where this journey would take me or how it would shape me; thank you both for laying down the path. Next I would like to thank my fellow DEAP collaborators at Carleton who have helped make my time here enjoyable and who have been always been generous with their time to discuss analysis work with me (and, let's face it, lots of non-analysis talk and laughs over beer).

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In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Cited by 42 publications

References 12 publications

Search for dark matter with a 231-day exposure of liquid argon using DEAP-3600 at SNOLAB

Search for dark matter with a 231-day exposure of liquid argon using DEAP-3600 at SNOLAB

Multi-site event discrimination in large liquid scintillation detectors

A Search for the Neutrinoles Double Electron Capture of 36Ar and a Measurement of the Specific Activity of 39Ar in Atmospheric Argon with the DEAP-3600 Detector

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