Spectroscopic and real time optical second-harmonic generation ͑SHG͒ has been applied to gain insight into the surface and interface processes during low-energy ͑70-1000 eV͒ Ar + -ion bombardment of H terminated Si͑100͒. The Ar + -ion bombardment of the crystalline silicon ͑c-Si͒, which creates a layer of amorphous silicon ͑a-Si͒, has been studied in the SH photon energy range of 2.7-3.5 eV. The time-resolved SHG signal has been observed to increase with an order of magnitude upon ion bombardment. Spectroscopic SHG during ion bombardment and after subsequent XeF 2 dosing indicates that the SHG signal has both a contribution generated at the buried interface between the a-Si and the c-Si and an additional contribution originating from the a-Si surface. By separating these contributions using a critical point model it has been shown that the SHG spectra consist of a sharp resonance at 3.36 eV with a linewidth of 0.1 eV at the buried a-Si/ c-Si interface and a much broader resonance at a resonance energy of 3.2 eV with a linewidth of 0.5 eV at the a-Si surface. The former resonance is identified to originate from E 0 Ј/E 1 transitions between bulk electronic states in the c-Si that are modified due to the vicinity of the interface, while the latter resonance is caused by transitions related to Si-Si bonds in the surface region of the a-Si. The time-resolved dynamics of the SHG signal can help in understanding the mechanism of ion-beam and plasma etching of silicon.