“…Infrared (IR) studies of phosphate adsorption onto Fe‐oxides have shown that phosphate forms a mixture of different inner‐sphere surface complexes whose proportions vary with pH and surface coverage (Arai & Sparks, ; Elzinga & Kretzschmar, ; Elzinga & Sparks, ; Kubicki et al., ; Luengo, Brigante, Antelo, & Avena, ; Tejedor‐Tejedor & Anderson, ). The speciation of citrate at goethite and hematite surfaces is similarly complex and also consists of various complexes with variable abundance depending on pH and surface loading (Borer & Hug, ; Gao, Liu, & Chen, ; Lindegren & Persson, ; Lindegren, Loring, & Persson, ; Noerpel & Lenhart, ; Situm, Rahman, Goldberg, & Al‐Abadleh, ). The mechanistic complexity of phosphate and citrate adsorption makes it difficult to predict the behavior of these species in environments where both are present, highlighting the need for spectroscopic studies of dual‐sorbate systems.…”