In situ and ex situ spectroscopic monitoring of biochar's surface functional groups

Uchimiya, Minori; Orlov, Alexander; Ramakrishnan, Girish; Sistani, K. R.

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2013.03.014

Cited by 114 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Their ability to bind metals arises from their porosity, surface area, and surface functional groups [75,76]. Metals will electrostatically bind to the surface functional groups and can be physically held in biochar pore spaces [11].…”

Section: Mine-impacted Spoils and Biocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Health, Crop Productivity, Microbial Transport, and Mine Spoil Response to Biochars

et al. 2016

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Biochars vary widely in pH, surface area, nutrient concentration, porosity, and metal binding capacity due to the assortment of feedstock materials and thermal conversion conditions under which it is formed. The wide variety of chemical and physical characteristics have resulted in biochar being used as an amendment to rebuild soil health, improve crop yields, increase soil water storage, and restore soils/spoils impacted by mining. Meta-analysis of the biochar literature has shown mixed results when using biochar as a soil amendment to improve crop productivity. For example, in one meta-analysis, biochar increased crop yield by approximately 10 %, while in another, approximately 50 % of the studies reported minimal to no crop yield increases. In spite of the mixed crop yield reports, biochars have properties that can improve soil health characteristics, by increasing carbon (C) sequestration and nutrient and water retention. Biochars also have the ability to bind enteric microbes and enhance metal binding in soils impacted by mining. In this review, we present examples of both effective and ineffective uses of biochar to improve soil health for agricultural functions and reclamation of degraded mine spoils. Biochars are expensive to manufacture and cannot be purged from soil after application, so for efficient use, they should be targeted for specific uses in agricultural and environmental sectors. Thus, we introduce the designer biochar concept as an alternate paradigm stating that biochars should be designed with properties that are tailored to specific soil deficiencies or problems. We then demonstrate how careful selection of biochars can increase their effectiveness as a soil amendment.

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Section: Mine-impacted Spoils and Biocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Health, Crop Productivity, Microbial Transport, and Mine Spoil Response to Biochars

et al. 2016

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“…[22,27,30] The peaks at 2850-2920 and 1453 cm −1 in TWBC300 correspond to the -CH 2 stretching vibrations and their intensities have been diminished in both TWBC500 and TWBC700 suggesting loss of labile aliphatic groups due to high pyrolysis temperature. [31] The sharp peaks at 1618 and 1519 cm −1 are assigned to amine nH or -nH, and C=C stretching vibrations, respectively and the intensities of these peaks has reduced with increasing pyrolysis temperature. [22,31] The FTIR analysis further indicates that oxygen and hydrogen containing functional groups tend to eliminate with increase in pyrolysis temperature.…”

Section: Adsorption Isothermsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31] The sharp peaks at 1618 and 1519 cm −1 are assigned to amine nH or -nH, and C=C stretching vibrations, respectively and the intensities of these peaks has reduced with increasing pyrolysis temperature. [22,31] The FTIR analysis further indicates that oxygen and hydrogen containing functional groups tend to eliminate with increase in pyrolysis temperature. Thus, according to experimental results from both FTIR and ultimate analysis, BCs becomes more aromatic and less polar with increasing pyrolysis temperature due to the accelerated dehydration, decarboxylation or decarbonylation processes.…”

Section: Adsorption Isothermsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface interactions between insecticide carbofuran and tea waste biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures

Mayakaduwa

Vithanage

Karunarathna

et al. 2016

Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability

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Biochars showed a potential as adsorbents for organic contaminants, however, have not been tested for carbofuran, which has been detected frequently in water. This study provides evidences for the use of infused tea residue derived biochar for carbofuran removal. Biochars were produced at 300, 500 and 700 °C by slow pyrolysis and were characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis, FT-IR, SEM, BET and pore size distribution. Pyrolysis temperature showed a pronounced effect on biochar properties. The maximum carbofuran removal was achieved at pH 5. Freundlich and Temkin models best fit the equilibrium data. Biochars produced at 700 °C showed the highest sorption intensity. The adsorption process was likely to be a favorable chemisorption process with electrostatic interactions between carbofuran molecules and biochar surface. Acid-base interactions, electrophilic addition reactions and amide bond formations are the possible mechanisms of carbofuran adsorption. Overall, biochars prepared from tea waste can be utilized as effective adsorbents for removal of aqueous carbofuran.

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“…These changes could be effectively monitored by non-destructive FTIR technique. Band assignments for biochars from various sources have been studied in some details (Reeves, 2012;Uchimiya, 2014;Uchimiya et al, 2013b). Along with the earlier observations, an elevating pyrolysis temperature from 350 to 500 °C generated a decrease in several characteristic bands, for example, at 3280 cm -1 (O-H stretching vibrations of hydrogen bonded hydroxyl groups), 2920 and 2848 cm -1 (asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching vibrations for aliphatic groups), 1730 cm -1 (carboxyl C=O stretching mode), and 1026 cm -1…”

Section: Atr-ftir Spectral Collection and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical and chemical measurements are represented by analyzing surface areas, elemental compositions, moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon contents, point of zero charge, and metal retention capability (Guo et al, 2012). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) have also been employed to investigate various aspects of biochars (Guo et al, 2012;Reeves, 2012;Uchimiya, 2014;Uchimiya et al, 2013b). To have a low-cost, rapid, and easy to use method for non-destructive screening of biochars, FTIR spectroscopy could be a possible option.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Biochar Formation from Various Agricultural By-Products Using FTIR Spectroscopy

Liu

Uchimiya

2015

MAS

Self Cite

129

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Biochar is charred material produced by the pyrolysis of organic biomass. In this work, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of various agricultural by-products feedstock and their derived biochars were collected to explore the potential of FTIR technique as a simple and rapid method for characterizing their biochar structure. The FTIR information was also discussed for comparing the biochar formation process. Biochars became increasingly more aromatic and carbonaceous with increase in pyrolysis temperature, and these changes could easily be detected from FTIR spectral differences. Complementary to visual inspection of spectral variations, principal component analysis (PCA) of FTIR spectra enhanced the similarity or dissimilarity of biochars prepared at various temperatures. On the basis of spectral features in the 1750-1500 cm -1 region assignable to characteristic carboxyl and aromatic groups that existed in the starting materials and also in biochars, a simple three-band ratio algorithm was developed to monitor the biochar formation semi-quantitatively. Results indicated the feasibility of FTIR in rapid and non-destructive biochar measurements for quality and production.

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In situ and ex situ spectroscopic monitoring of biochar's surface functional groups

Cited by 114 publications

References 33 publications

Soil Health, Crop Productivity, Microbial Transport, and Mine Spoil Response to Biochars

Soil Health, Crop Productivity, Microbial Transport, and Mine Spoil Response to Biochars

Interface interactions between insecticide carbofuran and tea waste biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures

Comparison of Biochar Formation from Various Agricultural By-Products Using FTIR Spectroscopy

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