In Silico Study of the RSH (RelA/SpoT Homologs) Gene Family and Expression Analysis in Response to PGPR Bacteria and Salinity in Brassica napus

Abstract

Among several mechanisms involved in the plant stress response, synthesis of guanosine tetra and pentaphosphates (alarmones), homologous to the bacterial stringent response, is of crucial importance. Plant alarmones affect, among others, photosynthetic activity, metabolite accumulation, and nutrient remobilization, and thus regulate plant growth and development. The plant RSH (RelA/SpoT homolog) genes, that encode synthetases and/or hydrolases of alarmones, have been characterized in a limited number of plant species, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Ipomoea nil. Here, we used dry-to-wet laboratory research approaches to characterize RSH family genes in the polyploid plant Brassica napus. There are 12 RSH genes in the genome of rapeseed that belong to four types of RSH genes: 6 RSH1, 2 RSH2, 3 RSH3, and 1 CRSH. BnRSH genes contain 13–24 introns in RSH1, 2–6 introns in RSH2, 1–6 introns in RSH3, and 2–3 introns in the CRSH genes. In the promoter regions of the RSH genes, we showed the presence of regulatory elements of the response to light, plant hormones, plant development, and abiotic and biotic stresses. The wet-lab analysis showed that expression of BnRSH genes is generally not significantly affected by salt stress, but that the presence of PGPR bacteria, mostly of Serratia sp., increased the expression of BnRSH significantly. The obtained results show that BnRSH genes are differently affected by biotic and abiotic factors, which indicates their different functions in plants.

Stress Driven Discovery of Natural Products From Actinobacteria with Anti-Oxidant and Cytotoxic Activities Including Docking and ADMET Properties

“…Thanks to the improvement of molecular biology and chemical biology techniques that imply that abiotic factors such as heavy metals may switch the production of natural compounds by modifying the attitude of secondary metabolism. The secondary metabolites produced by modern techniques like genome sequencing [ 7 ], abiotic or biotic stress [ 8 ], co-culture [ 9 ] and biosynthetic engineering proved to have enhanced pharmacological profiles compared to the compounds produced by the normal lab culture. Natural products have played an essential role in pharmacological and nutraceutical development [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]…”

New seed coating containing Trichoderma viride with anti-pathogenic properties

“…Interestingly, 8-day-old seedlings of A. thaliana RSH3 -overexpression lines showed dwarf chloroplasts, metabolite reduction, and significantly inhibited plastid translation and transcription ( Maekawa et al, 2015 ). Previously, we showed that, in the presence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, the expression level of BnRSH genes in canola seedlings significantly raised ( Dąbrowska et al, 2021b ), so it was surprising that in this study BnRSH1–3 and BnCRSH genes were unaffected or significantly downregulated in several experimental variants, including ones with T. viride ( Fig. 3 ).…”

“…Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy) ( Dąbrowska, Prusińska & Goc, 2006 ). Plant RSH proteins have been proven to play a role in stress response to salinity ( Takahashi, Kasai & Ochi, 2004 ; Prusińska et al, 2019 ; Dąbrowska et al, 2021b ), drought ( Takahashi, Kasai & Ochi, 2004 ; Prusińska et al, 2019 ), darkness ( Ono et al, 2021 ), wounding, UV, heat shock, and pathogens ( Takahashi, Kasai & Ochi, 2004 ). Abdelkefi et al (2018) showed that, in A. thaliana , the accumulation of alarmones directly correlates with the susceptibility to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection.…”

“… Abdelkefi et al (2018) showed that, in A. thaliana , the accumulation of alarmones directly correlates with the susceptibility to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection. Plant RSHs also play a role in reutilizing micro- and macro-elements from aging organs to seeds ( Boniecka et al, 2017 ), photoperiod ( Prusińska et al, 2019 ), and the interaction with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ( Szymańska et al, 2019 ; Dąbrowska et al, 2021b ).…”

Changes in physio-biochemical parameters and expression of metallothioneins in Avena sativa L. in response to drought

“…Promoter analysis is a powerful tool that can provide an insight into the regulatory mechanisms of genes of interest. Moreover, studies on cis -regulatory elements (CREs) provide a foundation for future experiments 54 , 72 , 73 . Regulatory elements play a crucial role in plant responses to various stresses, including drought stress 74 .…”