In Silico Characterization and Functional Validation of Cell Wall Modification Genes Imparting Waterlogging Tolerance in Maize

Abstract

Cell wall modification (CWM) promotes the formation of aerenchyma in roots under waterlogging conditions as an adaptive mechanism. Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in roots improves oxygen transfer in plants, which highlights the importance of CWM as a focal point in waterlogging stress tolerance. We investigated the structural and functional compositions of CWM genes and their expression patterns under waterlogging conditions in maize. Cell wall modification genes were identified for 3 known waterlogging-responsive cis-acting regulatory elements, namely, GC motif, anaerobic response elements, and G-box, and 2 unnamed elements. Structural motifs mapped in CWM genes were represented in genes regulating waterlogging stress-tolerant pathways, including fermentation, glycolysis, programmed cell death, and reactive oxygen species signaling. The highly aligned regions of characterized and uncharacterized CWM proteins revealed common structural domains amongst them. Membrane spanning regions present in the protein structures revealed transmembrane activity of CWM proteins in the plant cell wall. Cell wall modification proteins had interacted with ethylene-responsive pathway regulating genes (E3 ubiquitin ligases RNG finger and F-box) in a maize protein-protein interaction network. Cell wall modification genes had also coexpressed with energy metabolism, programmed cell death, and reactive oxygen species signaling, regulating genes in a single coexpression cluster. These configurations of CWM genes can be used to modify the protein expression in maize under waterlogging stress condition. Our study established the importance of CWM genes in waterlogging tolerance, and these genes can be used as candidates in introgression breeding and genome editing experiments to impart tolerance in maize hybrids.

Long-Term Waterlogging as Factor Contributing to Hypoxia Stress Tolerance Enhancement in Cucumber: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Waterlogging Sensitive and Tolerant Accessions

“…It was reported that increased development of root hair was observed in the RhEXPA4 transgenic line of Arabidopsis [85], which may correlate with the increased number of side roots that are produced under the limited oxygen access in tolerant plants. In maize, up-regulation of the expansin-like A1 gene was found in the roots of a tolerant accession under waterlogging stress [84] as in our work. Higher expression of expansin genes contributes to the mitigation of hypoxic stress in root zones.…”

“…Expansins are responsible for alleviation of cell walls, resulting in its extension [ 80 ]. Increased expression has been observed under the influence of abiotic stress, such as drought [ 81 ], salinity [ 82 ], waterlogging [ 83 , 84 ], as well as also under the influence of low pH (~4.8). It was reported that increased development of root hair was observed in the RhEXPA4 transgenic line of Arabidopsis [ 85 ], which may correlate with the increased number of side roots that are produced under the limited oxygen access in tolerant plants.…”

Genome-Wide Analysis of the MADS-Box Gene Family in Maize: Gene Structure, Evolution, and Relationships

“…ABREs play an essential role in response to ABA to affect osmotic stress and drought stress tolerance in plants [ 52 , 53 ]. GC motifs have been identified in response to waterlogging tolerance during cell wall modification in plants [ 54 ]. As “G-box” elements, they are involved in linalool biosynthesis during floral development [ 55 ].…”