In Search of the Active Sites in Endotoxins

Nowotny, Alois

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4364-6_1

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…LPS activates complement and initiates the production of numerous cytokines (8,9). Activation of these various responses, either individually or concurrently, may cause systemic and/or localized pathology (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Activation of these various responses, either individually or concurrently, may cause systemic and/or localized pathology (8). Indeed, induction of the complement system may lead to the production of anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) and cytokines such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-2, which are potent proinflammatory mediators (8,9,14). These, in turn, amplify PMN recruitment at the sites of inflammation, hence contributing to the perpetuation of tissue injury (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lipopolysaccharide Entry in the Damaged Cornea and Specific Uptake by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Schultz

Buret²,

Olson

et al. 2000

Infect Immun

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Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important agent of induction of ocular pathology following corneal injury or wearing of contaminated contact lenses. The mechanism of LPS uptake through the corneal epithelium is unclear, and the role played by inflammatory cells in this phenomenon has not been previously assessed. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled LPS from Escherichia coli was deposited onto the abraded corneas of New Zealand White rabbits. Epifluorescence microscopy of living excised corneas revealed diffuse LPS staining in the epithelial and stromal layers only in the vicinity of the abrasion. In addition, specific cellular uptake of LPS was suggested by fluorescence staining of cells along the abrasion site. In a second series of experiments, an anti-CD18 polyclonal antibody was used to block infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) into the cornea. In these experiments, a diffuse distribution of fluorescent LPS was still observed along the abrasion, but the specific cellular uptake was abolished. The findings indicate that LPS enters the cornea via diffuse penetration at sites of injury and that specific cellular uptake of LPS occurs within the cornea via PMN which have migrated into the damaged tissue.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Lipopolysaccharide Entry in the Damaged Cornea and Specific Uptake by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Schultz

Buret²,

Olson

et al. 2000

Infect Immun

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“…LPS is a very effective pyrogen. The biological effects of LPS has been investigated with keen interst and in 1983 Nowotny summarised the beneficial effects of endotoxin [2].…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It appears to be very important that the LPS preparations can enhance natural resistance [2,3,5]. It is of common knowledge that radiation treatment, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation sensitizing agents, steroids, local heat treatment and even surgical procedures induce a profound decrease in natural resistance.…”

Section: Experimental Therapy With Rd-lpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nomenclature and Significance of Innate/Natural Immune Mechanisms and of Species Specific Resistance

Bertók

Berczi

2011

Advances in Neuroimmune Biology

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The immune system of higher animals comprised of two parts: Innate-or Natural-(INIM-NIM) and Adaptive Immunity (ADIM). Innate resistance includes physical barriers (e.g. skin, cornea, mucous membranes, the blood-brain barrier-BBB) chemical defense (HCl in the stomach, bile acids in the intestines, enzyme based protection) and Species Specific Resistance (SSR) to viruses and other pathogens. SSR may occur because of the lack of proper receptors for the pathogen to establish itself in the resistant animal species. Therefore, SSR is a phylogenetically determined property of various animal species. Innate immunity includes polyspecifc immune mechanisms with germ line gene based antigen receptors (INIR/NIR) that recognize phylogenetically preserved, highly cross-reactive (homologous) epitopes, or homotopes. Because both the antigen receptors (e.g. toll-like receptors-TLR) and the homotopes (e.g., lipid A in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-LPS) are constant, and fully differentiated immune (monocyte/macrophages and other leucocytes) and somatic cells express TLR, the entire organism is capable of responding instantaneously to infection or injury. Innate phagocytes, primarily monocyte/macrophages, support the development of adaptive immunity, by presenting antigen and by contributing cytokines for cell activation. If natural immunity is depressed, ADIM will be deficient. The natural immune system provides continuous protection for the host animals or men against the effects of stress, treatment of cytostatic drugs, septic shock, infectious diseases, and numerous other noxious agents. Neuroendocrine, nutritional and environmental factors regulate natural immunity. The maintenance of good NIM defense is most important in modern medicine. Radiodetoxified endotoxin (RD-LPS) stimulates NIM, and activates the bone marrow. Animal experiments and human studies showed that RD-LPS is a promising preparation for the elevation of natural immunity. RD-LPS is a potent immunological adjuvant in the case of inactivated virus vaccines (e.g. influenza).

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“…Editorial: The Biological Significance of Fever Istvan Berczi and Toshihiko Katafuchi In the ancient cultures of Persia, Greece and in the Roman Empire fever was believed to posses healing powers [1]. This sentiment was maintained until modern times, when Boivin [2] isolated the first pyrogen, lipopolisaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, from Gramnegative bacteria.…”

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confidence: 99%