In search of consensus: Terminology for entheseal changes (EC)

Villotte, Sébastien; Assis, Sandra; Cardoso, Francisca Alves; Henderson, Charlotte; Mariotti, Valentina; Milella, Marco; Pany-Kucera, Doris; Speith, Nivien; Wilczak, Cynthia A.; Jurmain, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2016.01.003

Cited by 57 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Various terms have been used to describe the changes to bones that occur at sites of muscle attachment, including enthesopathies (Dutour, 1986;Hawkey, 1998); muscle crests (Angel, Kelley, Parrington, & Pinter, 1987); muscle markings (Robb, 1998); musculoskeletal stress markers (Hawkey & Merbs, 1995); and markers of occupational stress (Kennedy, 1998). However, many of these osteological alterations have multifactorial etiologies, and therefore, a more generic and neutral term "entheseal changes" (ECs) has been adopted (Jurmain & Villotte, 2010;Villotte et al, 2016;Villotte & Knüsel, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Entheses are complex physiological structures that have been classified according to their anatomy and histology into two types: fibrocartilaginous and fibrous (Benjamin et al, 2002;Benjamin & Ralphs, 2001;Henderson, Mariotti, Pany-Kucera, Villotte, & Wilczak, 2013;Jimenéz-Brobeil, Roca, & Laffranchi, 2011;Jurmain & Villotte, 2010;Villotte et al, 2016). Fibrocartilaginous entheses consist of various histological structures, including fibrous connective tissue, calcified fibrocartilage, uncalcified fibrocartilage, and bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Entheseal changes in ancient Egyptians from the pyramid builders of Giza—Old Kingdom

Refai

2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Entheseal changes are distinct skeletal markings that occur where a muscle, tendon, or ligament inserts into bone cortex, in response to many factors including physical activity. Therefore, entheseal changes have been frequently used to reconstruct habitual life activities of ancient populations. The present study examines a sample of 195 ancient Egyptians from Giza—Old Kingdom (2700–2190 BC), the period of pyramid builders. The material consists of two burials that were identified as belonging to individuals of different socio‐economic classes: workers and high officials. This distinction between the socio‐economic classes is based on evidence including location and design of cemeteries, contents of goods, and writings and drawings on tombs. Entheseal changes at 14 sites, representing the main articulations of the body, were examined to assess any association between entheseal expression and physical activities. The results of this study suggest that the frequency and severity of entheseal changes varied between workers and high officials, and between males and females. As expected, males exhibited higher levels of entheseal expression, suggesting sexual dimorphism in activity. No clear bilateral asymmetry was observed, except for in female high officials, who exhibited higher levels of entheseal expression at the right hand. A direct comparison of frequencies of entheseal changes between the two social classes, by sex and age, revealed that male and female workers had higher levels of entheseal expression than high officials, suggesting a division in labour. Together, these data suggest that entheseal changes can be used, cautiously, to study activity patterns in ancient Egyptian populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entheseal changes in ancient Egyptians from the pyramid builders of Giza—Old Kingdom

Refai

2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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“…The method is only defined for fibrocartilaginous entheses because, unlike fibrous entheses, these have a ‘normal’ baseline appearance devoid of any roughness, pores or other alterations (Henderson et al, ). The features recorded by the method encompass the spectrum of changes seen at fibrocartilaginous entheses from new bone formation, erosions, textural change, porosity (both fine porosity and macroporosity) and cavitations (Henderson et al, , ; Villotte et al, ). Due to the higher fibrous content at the acute attachment of the fibres to the bone, this zone (zone 1) is recorded separately from the remaining bone surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the primary anatomical areas examined have been the entheses, that is, the sites where muscles, tendons or ligaments attach on the bones (e.g. Hawkey & Merbs, 1995;Nagy, 1999;Weiss, 2003Weiss, , 2015Eshed et al, 2004;Molnar, 2008;Villotte et al, 2010Villotte et al, , 2016Havelková et al, 2011;Yonemoto, 2016). The relationship between activity patterns and entheseal changes (ECs) relies on biomechanical and clinical information, which supports that bone reacts to mechanical stress by increasing blood flow in the area under loading, which in turn results in elevated bone growth, hence visible ECs (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Test of the Effectiveness of the Coimbra Method in Capturing Activity‐induced Entheseal Changes

Michopoulou

Nikita

Henderson

2016

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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The current paper tests the effectiveness of entheseal changes in expressing activity patterns when the former have been recorded using the new Coimbra method. Changes on the subscapularis and biceps brachii were recorded using the Coimbra method on 78 men from the documented Athens Collection. Generalised linear models were adopted with entheseal changes as dependent variable and cross‐sectional geometric properties, age and body mass as predictors. The results suggest that age is the factor most frequently affecting entheseal changes; however, its impact is not as systematic as found in previous studies. Body mass is rarely statistically significant, again contradicting earlier studies. Finally, activity proxied by cross‐sectional geometric properties is occasionally significant, but no clear pattern emerges that can associate specific entheseal morphological changes with specific directions of mechanical loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The sites of muscle attachments are of particular interest as the mechanical loads are concentrated providing detail that can be interpreted in terms of an organism's function, phylogenetic relationships, lifeways, and the intrinsic biological adaptive capacity of the associated tissues (Lieberman, 1997;Henderson and Alves Cardoso, 2013;Villotte and Knüsel, 2013;Foster et al, 2014;Villotte et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Surface Micro‐Topography at Craniofacial Entheses: Insights on Osteogenic Adaptation at Muscle Insertions

Walters

Crew

Fyfe

2019

The Anatomical Record

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Macroscopic details of the bone–muscle interface are represented by a mosaic of calcified features inclusive of fossae, tuberosities, crests, and ridges. These features are in part of an adaptive osteogenic response to dissipate forces of localized mechanical loading. In an osteoarchaeological or paleontological context, these features are interpreted as “musculoskeletal stress markers” to infer habitual behaviors. Microscopic surveys of bone surface topography of the enthesis can reveal localized osteogenic topologies. These features illustrate the developmental mechanisms that produce these bony forms and contribute to an evidential basis to read these structures. Microscopic osteogenic topographies at sites of gnathic muscle attachments located in the craniofacial skeleton were explored in reference to extrapolated loading vectors in an ontogenetic series of craniofacial skeletons of the primate (Procolobus verus). Epoxy resin replicas of bone surfaces were made, and micro‐topographical detail viewed with Scanning Electron Microscope. Osteoclastic bone remodeling was found at entheses associated with presumptive net tensile loading. Mineralized fibrocartilage was present at entheses, associated with presumptive net compressive loading. Collectively, these outcomes suggest that entheses develop through adaptive osteogenic activity in response to differential vectors of local mechanical loading. However, the presence of mineralized fibrocartilage also suggests that proliferative cartilage has a role in the development of bone eminences providing functional processes. This study concludes that the vector of muscle loading at entheses as well as proliferative fibrocartilage is influencing the form of bony eminences in the primate craniofacial skeleton defining functional and species defining morphologies. Anat Rec, 302:2140–2155, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy

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In search of consensus: Terminology for entheseal changes (EC)

Cited by 57 publications

References 25 publications

Entheseal changes in ancient Egyptians from the pyramid builders of Giza—Old Kingdom

Entheseal changes in ancient Egyptians from the pyramid builders of Giza—Old Kingdom

A Test of the Effectiveness of the Coimbra Method in Capturing Activity‐induced Entheseal Changes

Bone Surface Micro‐Topography at Craniofacial Entheses: Insights on Osteogenic Adaptation at Muscle Insertions

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