In it together: Shared reality with instrumental others is linked to goal success.

Abstract

Why are some people more successful than others? In addition to individual factors (e.g. self-control), research has recently suggested that the quality of people's interpersonal relationships is crucial for success. Successful people do not just like and feel close to instrumental objects (e.g., study material, the gym), they also like and feel close to instrumental others (IOs; people who make goal success more likely). Yet instrumental people have one crucially distinct feature that instrumental objects do not: A mind of their own. We propose that while a growing body of work suggests that the sense of closeness to IOs (others who make goal success more likely) is crucial for goal success, prior work has not examined how the sense of the quality of people's relationships with IOs, and therefore goal success, likely depends on their ability to "merge minds" with them, experiencing both the goal and the world at large (i.e., shared reality) in the same way as one's IO contributes to goal success. Specifically, the present research (N = 1,326) explored (a) whether people experience shared reality-the perception of shared attitudes and judgments about the world-with IOs and (b) whether those who do so achieve greater goal success. Participants perceiving their romantic partner as instrumental for their goals experienced more shared reality with them (Study 1); participants also reported greater shared reality with IOs relative to noninstrumental others (NIO; Study 2). Higher shared reality with IOs was linked to more goal success initially, (Studies 2-4), 3-4 weeks later (Study 2c), and higher grade point averages (Study 4). These effects held when controlling for IO liking, closeness, epistemic trust, and NIO shared reality. Self-efficacy consistently mediated the effect of IO shared reality on goal success, indicating that IO shared reality may bolster people's epistemic confidence in their abilities. Overall, findings suggest that shared reality with IOs may play an important role in goal success.

Causal inference for psychologists who think that causal inference is not for them

“…Consider a third example from a paper that I picked randomly from the most recent issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes. The authors investigated whether a shared reality with instrumental others (i.e., the subjective experience that one shares feelings, beliefs, and concerns with others who are important to achieving certain goals) leads to goal achievement, making use of various observational designs (Elnakouri et al, 2023). The article opens with a causal question ("Why are some people more successful than others?")…”

Expressing the good in bad times: Examining whether and why positive expressivity in negative contexts affects romantic partners’ responsive support provision.

“…12Data from the background survey and online follow-up survey in this couples’ study have been used in one published manuscript (Elnakouri et al, 2023) to test hypotheses distinct from those tested here. Data from this study are also being used in one manuscript under revision and additional manuscripts in preparation, to test hypotheses distinct from those tested here.…”