“…In fact, signaling theory has previously been applied across a range of contexts in the family business research field to examine questions, among others, on corporate social responsibility, earnings management, employer attractiveness, consumer perception, investor preferences, and succession (e.g., Chandler et al, 2019; Huang et al, 2019; Schell et al, 2020; Schellong et al, 2019; Sekerci et al, 2022; Stutz et al, 2022). Family business researchers have mainly applied signaling theory in three areas: (i) signals individual family members send—for example, how heirs signal their abilities (Schell et al, 2020; Zhang, 2019); (ii) signals family firms send—for example, through charitable donations, compliance with governance standards, and investments in environmental and social projects (e.g., Gavana et al, 2017; Louie et al, 2019; Maung et al, 2020); and (iii) the family firm status as a signal itself—for example, for applicants, consumers, or investors (Duncan & Hasso, 2018; Hauswald et al, 2016; Schellong et al, 2019; Stutz et al, 2022).…”