In-depth study of drying solvent-borne alkyd coatings in presence of Mn- and Fe- based catalysts as cobalt alternatives

Gezici-Koç, Ö.; Thomas, C.A.A.M.; Michel, M.; Erich, Sjf Sebastiaan; Huinink, H.P.; Flapper, Jitte; Duivenvoorde, F.L.; Ven, L.G.J. van der; Adan, O.C.G.

doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2016.03.001

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Mn II (2-EH) 2 and [Mn IV,IV 2 (µ-O) 3 (Me 3 TACN) 2 ](PF 6 ) 2 exhibited lower surface activity than was found for Co II (2-EH) 2 but did show much better activity towards the deep layer conversion. Similar observations regarding differences in drying rates at the surface vs. deeper in the film have been made by Erich and co-workers [25].…”

Section: Manganese 147-triazacyclononane Catalystssupporting

confidence: 85%

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Manganese and Iron Catalysts in Alkyd Paints and Coatings

Hage¹,

Böer²,

Maaijen³

2016

Inorganics

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Many paint, ink and coating formulations contain alkyd-based resins which cure via autoxidation mechanisms. Whilst cobalt-soaps have been used for many decades, there is a continuing and accelerating desire by paint companies to develop alternatives for the cobalt soaps, due to likely classification as carcinogens under the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) legislation. Alternative driers, for example manganese and iron soaps, have been applied for this purpose. However, relatively poor curing capabilities make it necessary to increase the level of metal salts to such a level that often coloring of the paint formulation occurs. More recent developments include the application of manganese and iron complexes with a variety of organic ligands. This review will discuss the chemistry of alkyd resin curing, the applications and reactions of cobalt-soaps as curing agents, and, subsequently, the paint drying aspects and mechanisms of (model) alkyd curing using manganese and iron catalysts.

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Section: Manganese 147-triazacyclononane Catalystssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The rate of depletion of the 3007 cm´1 band was higher for Co II (2-EH) 2 2 , which showed high activity on the outer layer. The latter has been observed as well by Erich and co-workers in their studies by using various techniques, including high spatial resolution NMR profiling [25].…”

Section: Iron Bispidon Catalystssupporting

confidence: 61%

Manganese and Iron Catalysts in Alkyd Paints and Coatings

Hage¹,

Böer²,

Maaijen³

2016

Inorganics

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“…As a consequence, the films cured by the bispidon catalyst are softer than those obtained by curing using cobalt soap. These results are in agreement with the NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) experiments reported by Erich and co-workers using the same catalyst (as well as two Mn siccatives) [54]. The same bispidon catalyst has also been studied with strontium soap (Sr(EH) 2 ) and compared with cobalt soap by Pirš et al [55].…”

Section: Iron-based Technology (Fe-bispidon Catalyst Supplied As Borsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Evolution of Catalysis for Alkyd Coatings: Responding to Impending Cobalt Reclassification with Very Active Iron and Manganese Catalysts, Using Polydentate Nitrogen Donor Ligands

Simpson¹,

Maaijen²,

Roelofsen³

et al. 2019

Catalysts

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Autoxidation processes to achieve curing of alkyd resins in paints, inks, and coatings are ubiquitous in many applications. Cobalt soaps have been employed for these applications for many decades and most of the paint and ink alkyd resin formulations have been optimized to achieve optimal benefits of the cobalt soaps. However, cobalt soaps are under increased scrutiny because of likely reclassification as carcinogenic under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restrictions of Chemicals) legislation in Europe. This is critical, since such coatings are available for regular human contact. Alternative manganese- and iron-based siccatives have been developed to address this need for over a decade. They often show very high curing activity depending on the organic ligands bound to the metal centers. Recently, new classes of catalysts and modes of application have been published or patented to create safe paints, whilst delivering performance benefits via their unique reaction mechanisms. Besides the use of well-defined, preformed catalysts, paint formulations have also been developed with mixtures of metal soaps and ligands that form active species in-situ. The change from Co-soaps to Mn- and Fe-based siccatives meant that important coating issues related to radical-based curing, such as skinning, had to be rethought. In this paper we will review the new catalyst technologies and their performance and modes of action, as well as new compounds developed to provide anti-skinning benefits.

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“…Note that the height and width of the T 2 peaks are dependent on the quality of the fit. The peak maximum value is taken for the relaxation time determination and the area under the peak is proportional to the volume occupied by each component (Gezici-Koç et al 2016).…”

Section: Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bound and free water distribution in wood during water uptake and drying as measured by 1D magnetic resonance imaging

et al. 2016

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Knowledge on moisture transport in wood is important for understanding its utilization, durability and product quality. Moisture transport processes in wood can be studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging. By combining NMR imaging with relaxometry, the state of water within wood can be identified, i.e. water bound to the cell wall, and free water in the cell lumen/vessel. This paper presents how the transport of water can be monitored and quantified in terms of bound and free water during water uptake and drying. Three types of wood from softwood to hardwood were selected covering a range of low to high density wood; pine sapwood and oak and teak. A calibration is performed to determine the different water states in each different wood type and to convert the NMR signal into moisture content. For all wood types, water transport appeared to be internally limited during both uptake and drying. In case of water uptake, free water was observed only after the cell walls were saturated with bound water. In case of drying, the loss of bound water starts only after vanishing of free water, irrespective of the position. Obviously, there is always a local thermodynamic equilibrium of bound and free water for both uptake and drying. Finally, we determined the effective diffusion coefficient (D eff ). Experimentally determined diffusion constants were compared with those derived by the diffusion models for conceptual understanding of transport mechanism. We found that diffusion in the cell wall fibers plays a critical role in the transport process.

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In-depth study of drying solvent-borne alkyd coatings in presence of Mn- and Fe- based catalysts as cobalt alternatives

Cited by 29 publications

References 44 publications

Manganese and Iron Catalysts in Alkyd Paints and Coatings

Manganese and Iron Catalysts in Alkyd Paints and Coatings

The Evolution of Catalysis for Alkyd Coatings: Responding to Impending Cobalt Reclassification with Very Active Iron and Manganese Catalysts, Using Polydentate Nitrogen Donor Ligands

Bound and free water distribution in wood during water uptake and drying as measured by 1D magnetic resonance imaging

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