In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

Gu, Chao; Liu, W.; Lian, Junhe; Bao, Yanping

doi:10.1007/s12613-020-2223-9

Cited by 42 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These kinds of inclusions mainly originate from the de-oxidation products and the reaction products of molten steel and the refractory material. The total oxygen in steel is closely related to the number of inclusions; 16) thus, it is very important to decrease the total oxygen for inclusion control. The characteristics of the inclusion distribution are as follows: the larger the size, the less uniform the distribution in the forge.…”

Section: Number Distribution Of Inclusions In Forged Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear

Juan

Wang

et al. 2022

ISIJ Int.

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The spatial distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece is closely related to the fatigue life of gears. In this paper, the size, number, types, and distribution of inclusions in a large forging piece of gear steel used for wind-power generation have been systematically analyzed by the automatic scanning of inclusions, in situ analysis of inclusions, scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectrum analysis. The inclusions distribution model is established and the size of the largest inclusion in the forging piece is predicted. The distribution of the number and size of inclusions exhibits an exponential relationship. The total number of inclusions is lowest at the tooth center area, and macro-inclusions with sizes above 10 μm mainly concentrate in the tooth center, with a maximum size of 101.5 μm. The typical inclusions in forging pieces include 2.85% oxides, 80.95% sulfides and 16.2% composite inclusions of oxides and sulfides. The sulfide preferentially precipitates on the surface of oxide's core in the following order:

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Section: Number Distribution Of Inclusions In Forged Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear

Juan

Wang

et al. 2022

ISIJ Int.

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“…The governing equation of the temperature is shown in Equations ( 12) and (13). In this paper, a heat transport model of molten steel and the bubble was applied.…”

Section: Energy Conservation and Bubble Heat Exchange Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In metallurgy, the argon-stirred ladle is a low-cost, highly efficient, and common refining method for the improvement of the molten steel temperature, the homogeneity ofmolten steel concentration [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], inclusion floatation [10][11][12][13][14][15][16], and increase in the kinetic reaction [17][18][19][20] in the ladle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiphysics Numerical Simulation Model and Hydraulic Model Experiments in the Argon-Stirred Ladle

2022

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The argon-stirred ladle is a standard piece of steelmaking refining equipment. The molten steel quality will improve when a good argon-stirred process is applied. In this paper, a Multiphysics model that contained fluid flow, bubble transport, alloy transport, bubble heat flux, alloy heat flux, alloy melting, and an alloy concentration species transport model was established. The fluid model and bubble transport model that were used to calculate the fluid velocity were verified by the hydraulic model of the ladle that was combined with particle image velocimetry measurement results. The numerical simulation results of the temperature fields and steel–slag interface shape were verified by a ladle that contained 25 t of molten steel in a steel plant. The velocity difference between the hydraulic model and numerical model decreased when the CL (integral time-scale constant) increased from 0 to 0.3; then, the difference increased when the CL increased from 0.3 to 0.45. The results showed that a CL of 0.3 approached the experiment results more. The bubble heat flux model was examined by the industrial practice, and the temperature decrease rate was 0.0144 K/s. The simulation results of the temperature decrease rate increased when the initial bubble temperature decreased. When the initial bubble temperature was 800 °C, the numerical simulation results showed that the temperature decrease rate was 0.0147 K/s, and the initial bubble temperature set at 800 °C was more appropriate. The average melting time of the alloy was 12.49 s and 12.71 s, and the mixture time was approximately the same when the alloy was added to two slag eyes individually. The alloy concentration had fewer changes after the alloy was added in the ladle after 100 s.

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“…Herein, the relative yield strength of the inclusions and steel matrix is considered the major factor influencing fatigue failure. However, the bonding strength between the inclusions and matrix, fracture strength of the inclusions, and residual stresses between the inclusions and matrix from the prior manufacturing or heat treatment processes may also be important factors [41]. Fig.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Fatigue Fracture Caused By Different Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

Xiao

Bao

et al. 2021

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al (Al-deoxidized steel) and Si (Si-deoxidized steel) to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests (stress ratio, R = −1) and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions. Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate, respectively. The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15 µm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel, and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting. Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents, the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives. The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences. Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel. By comparison, most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix, which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel. A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions. The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed. Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation. Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process; thus, these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels. Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.

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In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear

Relationship between Inclusions and Internal Defect Spatial Distribution in Large Forging Piece for Wind Power Generation Gear

Multiphysics Numerical Simulation Model and Hydraulic Model Experiments in the Argon-Stirred Ladle

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

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