In defense of the term ICME

Russell, C. T.

doi:10.1029/01eo00266

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…There has been some confusion in the interplanetary and solar terminology related to magnetic storms [ Schwenn , 1996; Burlaga , 2001; Russell , 2001]. Thus we will give a brief review of terminology to attempt to remove any possible confusion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) during solar cycle 23 (1996–2006)

et al. 2008

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[1] The interplanetary causes of intense geomagnetic storms and their solar dependence occurring during solar cycle 23 (1996-2006) are identified. During this solar cycle, all intense (Dst À100 nT) geomagnetic storms are found to occur when the interplanetary magnetic field was southwardly directed (in GSM coordinates) for long durations of time. This implies that the most likely cause of the geomagnetic storms was magnetic reconnection between the southward IMF and magnetopause fields. Out of 90 storm events, none of them occurred during purely northward IMF, purely intense IMF By fields or during purely high speed streams. We have found that the most important interplanetary structures leading to intense southward Bz (and intense magnetic storms) are magnetic clouds which drove fast shocks (sMC) causing 24% of the storms, sheath fields (Sh) also causing 24% of the storms, combined sheath and MC fields (Sh+MC) causing 16% of the storms, and corotating interaction regions (CIRs), causing 13% of the storms. These four interplanetary structures are responsible for three quarters of the intense magnetic storms studied. The other interplanetary structures causing geomagnetic storms were: magnetic clouds that did not drive a shock (nsMC), non magnetic clouds ICMEs, complex structures resulting from the interaction of ICMEs, and structures resulting from the interaction of shocks, heliospheric current sheets and high speed stream Alfvén waves. During the rising phase of the solar cycle, sMC and sheaths are the dominant structure driving intense storms. At solar maximum, sheath fields, followed by Sh+MCs and then by sMC were responsible for most of the storms. During the declining phase, sMC, Sh and CIR fields are the main interplanetary structures leading to intense storms. We have also observed that around 70% of the storms follow the interplanetary criteria of Ey ! 5 mV/m for at least 3 h. Around 90% of the storms used in the study followed a less stringent set of criteria: Ey ! 3 mV/m for at least 3 h. Finally, we obtain the approximate rate of intense magnetic storms per solar cycle phases: minimum/rising phase 3 storms.year À1 , maximum phase 8.5 storms.year À1 , and declining/minimum phases 6.5 storms.year À1 .

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) during solar cycle 23 (1996–2006)

et al. 2008

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“…We also refer to the discussion and forum on terminology in e.g. Cliver (2001), Burlaga (2001) and Russell (2001). In our classification, the interplanetary shocks may be followed by turbulent plasma sheaths (indicated by shock + sheath), but with no low β structure following the shock.…”

Section: Association Between Interplanetary Disturbances and Coronal mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the solar origin of interplanetary disturbances observed in the vicinity of the Earth

et al. 2003

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Abstract. The solar origin of 40 interplanetary disturbances observed in the vicinity of the Earth between January 1997 and June 1998 is investigated in this paper. Analysis starts with the establishment of a list of Interplanetary Mass Ejections or ICMEs (magnetic clouds, flux ropes and ejecta) and of Interplanetary Shocks measured at WIND for the period for which we had previously investigated the coupling of the interplanetary medium with the terrestrial ionospheric response. A search for associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed by LASCO/SOHO is then performed, starting from an estimation of the transit time of the interplanetary perturbation from the Sun to the Earth, assumed to be achieved at a constant speed (i.e. the speed measured at 1 AU). EIT/SOHO and Nançay Radioheliograph (NRH) observations are also used as proxies in this identification for the cases when LASCO observations do not allow one to firmly establish the association. The last part of the analysis concerns the identification of the solar source of the CMEs, performed using a large set of solar observations from X-ray to radio wavelengths. In the present study, this association is based on a careful examination of many data sets (EIT, NRH and Hα images and not on the use of catalogs and of Solar Geophysical Data reports). An association between interplanetary disturbances and LASCO/CMEs or proxies on the disk is found for 36 interplanetary events. For 32 events, the solar source of activity can also be identified. A large proportion of cases is found to be associated with a flare signature in an active region, not excluding of course the involvement of a filament. Conclusions are finally drawn on the propagation of the disturbances in the interplanetary medium, the preferential association of disturbances detected close to the Earth's orbit with halos or wide CMEs and the location on the solar disk of solar sources of the interplanetary disturbances during that period.

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“…The sheath may contain substantial distortions of the interplanetary magnetic field due to field line draping (McComas et al, 1988) around the ejecta cloud pressing from behind. It has become common to summarize all these CME driven effects under the term ICME (for interplanetary counterparts of CMEs, see terminology discussion by Burlaga, 2001 andRussell, 2001).…”

Section: Interplanetary Counterparts Of Cmes: Icmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Weather: The Solar Perspective

Schwenn

2006

Living Rev. Solar Phys.

425

335

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The term space weather refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and that can affect human life and health. Our modern hi-tech society has become increasingly vulnerable to disturbances from outside the Earth system, in particular to those initiated by explosive events on the Sun: Flares release flashes of radiation that can heat up the terrestrial atmosphere such that satellites are slowed down and drop into lower orbits, solar energetic particles accelerated to near-relativistic energies may endanger astronauts traveling through interplanetary space, and coronal mass ejections are gigantic clouds of ionized gas ejected into interplanetary space that after a few hours or days may hit the Earth and cause geomagnetic storms. In this review, I describe the several chains of actions originating in our parent star, the Sun, that affect Earth, with particular attention to the solar phenomena and the subsequent effects in interplanetary space.

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In defense of the term ICME

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) during solar cycle 23 (1996–2006)

Interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) during solar cycle 23 (1996–2006)

On the solar origin of interplanetary disturbances observed in the vicinity of the Earth

Space Weather: The Solar Perspective

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