In Data We Trust? An Analysis of Indonesian Socioeconomic Survey Data

Johar, Meliyanni; Soewondo, Prastuti; Pujisubekti, Retno; Satrio, Harsa Kunthara; Adji, Ardi

doi:10.1080/00074918.2018.1515474

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Household expenditure is used as a proxy of income because self-reported information on income is under reported. 22 Arbrianty 23 uses household expenditure as an income proxy for estimating the poor household category. CBS neither publishes information on income for the public.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of price and non-price policies on household cigarette consumption and nutrient intake in smoking-tolerant Indonesia

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveTo examine the impact of cigarette price and smoking environment on allocation of household expenditure and its implication on nutrition consumption.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2014 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), the 2014 Village Potential Survey (PODES) and the 2013 Basic National Health Survey (RISKESDAS). SUSENAS and PODES data were collected by the Central Bureau of Statistics. RISKESDAS was conducted by National Institute of Health Research and Development (Balitbangkes), Indonesian Ministry of Health (MOH).Setting and participantsThe sample covered all districts in Indonesia; with sample size of 285 400 households. These households are grouped into low, medium and high smoking prevalence districts.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe impact of cigarette price and smoking environment on household consumption of cigarette, share of eight food groups, as well as calorie and protein intake.Result1% increase in cigarette price will increase the cigarette budget share by 0.0737 points and reduce the budget share for eggs/milk, prepared food, staple food, nuts, fish/meat and fruit, from 0.0200 points (eggs/milk) up to 0.0033 points (fruit). Reallocation of household expenditure brings changes in food composition, resulting in declining calorie and protein intake. A 1% cigarette price increase reduces calorie and protein intake as much as 0.0885% and 0.1052%, respectively. On the other hand, existence of smoke-free areas and low smoking prevalence areas reduces the household budget for cigarettes.ConclusionA pricing policy must be accompanied by non-pricing policies to reduce cigarette budget share.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of price and non-price policies on household cigarette consumption and nutrient intake in smoking-tolerant Indonesia

et al. 2021

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“…Before 2018, the survey would only measure how much total health expenditure a household incurred. This estimation may include government transfers, OOP payments, and insurance [19]. Hence, previous studies using this data may not accurately capture JKN's impact on OOP payments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) coverage influences out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by vulnerable populations in Indonesia

Maulana¹,

Soewondo²,

Adani³

et al. 2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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While Indonesia introduced a national health insurance scheme (JKN) in 2014 and coverage has grown to over 80% of the population, Indonesians still spend significant sums out-of-pocket (OOP) for their healthcare–over 30% of current health expenditure (CHE). This study aims to better understand how JKN is influencing OOP payments, especially among the poor and rural, at the range of health facilities. This study uses data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) in 2018 and 2019, as these surveys started including a question on how much OOP spending a household incurs on health. The results show that households with JKN membership are far less likely than the uninsured to pay OOP for healthcare, and that if they do incur a cost, the magnitude of this cost is much lower among JKN households than uninsured ones. The results also show that JKN households in the two poorest quintiles have a higher probability to not incur any OOP (37% and 35%, respectively) compared to those in the wealthier quintiles 4 (32%) and 5 (30%). Poorer JKN households living in the eastern part of Indonesia–the less urbanized and developed regions–experienced the most cost-savings, though largely due to supply-side constraints. In fact, JKN members save more at public primary health care facilities vs. private ones (who often do not contract with JKN) and also save significantly more (over 50%) than uninsured households at both public and private hospitals. The study demonstrates the positive influence JKN has on OOP payments, especially among the poor and rural, but also highlights how the scheme needs to better engage with the growing private sector and invest in infrastructure in rural areas to help secure financial protection for its entire population.

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“…In addition, estimates show that annually, about 2.3 million people face catastrophic health spending and over 4 million people are pushed deeper into poverty due to health‐related expenditures 32 . However, due to methodological changes in the Indonesian socio‐economic survey (SUSENAS), which is the main source of the OOPE data, caution is needed in interpretation of the OOPE reduction 42 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32 However, due to methodological changes in the Indonesian socio-economic survey (SUSENAS), which is the main source of the OOPE data, caution is needed in interpretation of the OOPE reduction. 42 Since 1998 the country has undergone a simultaneous democratisation and a decentralisation process. 21 As the largest economy in Southeast Asia, it was classified a lower-middle income country since 2007 and gained upper-middle income status in 2020 with a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $4050 (due to the economic shock induced by the Corona virus outbreak, the GNI per capita fell to $3870 recently in 2021 leading to lower-middle income status down-grade).…”

Section: Study Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out‐of‐Pocket expenditure and patient experience of care under‐Indonesia's national health insurance: A cross‐sectional facility‐based study in six provinces

Couturier

Srivastava

Hidayat

et al. 2022

Health Planning & Management

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BackgroundLow‐ and middle‐income countries worldwide are striving to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), frequently through expansion of statutory health insurance schemes. However, oftentimes evidence is lacking on progress towards quality patient‐centred care and out‐of‐pocket expenditure (OOPE), particularly for poor population groups. We contribute patient‐centred evidence examining patient experience and OOPE under JKN, the Indonesian social health insurance.MethodsUsing data from 2526 patient exit interviews conducted among JKN beneficiaries in 2015, we computed a summative patient experience measure from 14 experience items. We used descriptive statistics to assess patient experience and the probability, amount and components of OOPE. We applied a two‐part model to examine the relationships between socio‐demographics, facility types, and OOPE and an OLS regression on patient experience determinants.ResultsThe mean patient experience measure was 11.7 out of 14 maximal points. Differences were observed between single items, with highest ratings on ease of understanding providers' language (97%) and lowest on waiting time (54%).OOPE were reported by 20% of patients with a mean equivalent to US$40, the most prevalent reason being medicines (61% of all OOPE). Considerable OOPE heterogeneity occurred by province and facility type. We found differentials in OOPE by gender (females paying more likely, but less) and subsidised JKN membership (same likelihood as non‐subsidised, but paying less).ConclusionOur findings suggest that during its early implementation, patients under JKN reported mostly positive patient experience yet a fifth incurred OOPE, mostly on medicines. Further patient‐centred research is needed to ensure JKN's progress towards UHC.

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In Data We Trust? An Analysis of Indonesian Socioeconomic Survey Data

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

Impact of price and non-price policies on household cigarette consumption and nutrient intake in smoking-tolerant Indonesia

Impact of price and non-price policies on household cigarette consumption and nutrient intake in smoking-tolerant Indonesia

How Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) coverage influences out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by vulnerable populations in Indonesia

Out‐of‐Pocket expenditure and patient experience of care under‐Indonesia's national health insurance: A cross‐sectional facility‐based study in six provinces

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