In-cycle control for stabilization of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion using direct water injection

Wick, Maximilian; Bedei, Julian; Gordon, David C.; Wouters, Christian; Lehrheuer, Bastian; Nuss, Eugen; Andert, Jakob; Koch, Charles Robert

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.086

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The water injection timing is chosen to 580 °CA after top dead center (aTDC) as described by Wouters and colleagues. 26–28…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water injection timing is chosen to 580°CA after top dead center (aTDC) as described by Wouters and colleagues. [26][27][28] The geometric CR of the SCRE can be adjusted and is set to CR = 12. The test bench is equipped with a temperature control unit that regulates the oil temperature to 105°C to avoid water dilution because of the injected water.…”

Section: Single-cylinder Research Enginementioning

confidence: 99%

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Ion current–based homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion control using direct water injection

Zhu

Deng

Dewor

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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Homogeneous charge compression ignition has proven to be both highly efficient and to operate with ultra-low NOx raw emissions. However, homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion is a dynamic process due to strong cycle-to-cycle coupling effects caused mainly by the residual gas. Compared to conventional spark-ignited and diesel engines, the lack of direct mixture composition and ignition control increases the challenge of combustion instabilities, especially at boundary conditions. To stabilize the combustion process, real-time in-cylinder combustion diagnostics and control are often used. In this study, for the first time, ion current detection technology and direct water injection are combined for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion control. By analyzing the return map of the crank angle at 50% cumulative heat release under unstable conditions, it was identified that a misfire or incomplete combustion is usually followed by knocking-like early combustion with high cylinder pressure gradients. Through the correlation analysis between ion current and combustion, a cycle-to-cycle closed-loop control strategy was developed and implemented on a rapid control prototyping engine control unit. Real-time calculated ion current parameters were used to predict the 50% cumulative heat release position of the next cycle and prevent early combustion by direct water injection. The calculation results and controller performance were validated on a single-cylinder research engine. With the controller activated, the standard deviation of 50% cumulative heat release and dynamic programming to the max could be reduced by 19% and 11%, respectively. The coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure was reduced by 12%. A slight increase in indicated mean effective pressure after activating the controller also shows the potential for efficiency improvement. Moreover, not only early combustion is controlled, but also late combustion is significantly reduced.

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“…The water injection timing is chosen to 580 °CA after top dead center (aTDC) as described by Wouters and colleagues. 26–28…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single-cylinder Research Enginementioning

confidence: 99%

Ion current–based homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion control using direct water injection

Zhu

Deng

Dewor

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In previous work, the cyclic variation of HCCI has been reduced by preventing the early combustion following a misfire (cycle 3 in Figure 1) using direct water injection to cool the trapped exhaust gas to retard combustion phasing back to the desired value. 28–30 However, that leaves cycle 2 unaffected and the engine experiences a misfire leading to higher emissions and lower efficiency. The use of water injection adds the requirement for a second injection system and the requirement for a high quality water source for implementation in production vehicles.…”

Section: Control Strategy and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability improvement using a rapid ignition system

Gordon

Wouters

Kinoshita

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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When compared to traditional engines, homogeneous charge compression ignition has the potential to significantly reduce NO x raw emissions, while maintaining a high fuel efficiency. Homogeneous charge compression ignition is characterized by compression-induced autoignition of a lean homogeneous air–fuel mixture. Since homogeneous charge compression ignition does not utilize direct ignition control, it is strongly dependent on the state of the cylinder charge and can suffer from high cyclic variability. With spark-assisted compression ignition, it has been demonstrated that misfires can be reduced, while preserving the high thermal efficiency of homogeneous charge compression ignition as a result of the more favorable physical mixture properties due to dilution. However, spark-assisted compression ignition reduces the NO x benefits of homogeneous charge compression ignition, as it increases the local combustion temperatures. To merge the advantages of the homogeneous charge compression ignition and the spark-assisted compression ignition combustion processes, a field-programmable gate array for detailed simulation of the physical gas exchange is combined with a rapid spark system. The low latency and computational speed of the field-programmable gate array allows the simulation process to be implemented in real time. When combined with the rapid reaction time of the high-frequency current-based rapid ignition system, a feedforward controller based on the cylinder pressure or heat release is realized. The developed model-based controller determines if a spark is required to assist the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion process. The use of the field-programmable gate array and rapid ignition system allows for the calculation of combustion properties and controller output within 0.1 °CA. This article presents the development and experimental validation of the developed controller on a single-cylinder research engine. The combustion stability has been significantly improved as reflected in an improved standard deviation of the indicated mean effective pressure and a reduction of the combustion phasing variations. Furthermore, compared to a traditional homogeneous charge compression ignition system, the hydrocarbon emissions can be reduced, while maintaining low NO x emissions.

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“…For instance, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion significantly reduces emissions while maintaining a high fuel efficiency [ 3 ]. However, HCCI demands a complex control of the combustion process that the pressure measuring can alleviate [ 4 , 5 ]. As another application, cylinder pressure measuring revealed the influence of fuel borne additives on ternary fuel blend operated in single-cylinder diesel engines [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tdnn-Based Engine In-Cylinder Pressure Estimation from Shaft Velocity Spectral Representation

Valencia-Duque

Cárdenas-Peña

Álvarez-Meza

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Pressure is one of the essential variables to give information about engine condition and monitoring. Direct recording of this signal is complex and invasive, while angular velocity can be measured. Nonetheless, the challenge is to predict the cylinder pressure using the shaft kinematics accurately. In this paper, a time-delay neural network (TDNN), interpreted as a finite pulse response (FIR) filter, is proposed to estimate the in-cylinder pressure of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine (ICE) from fluctuations in shaft angular velocity. The experiments are conducted over data obtained from an ICE operating in 12 different states by changing the angular velocity and load. The TDNN’s delay is adjusted to get the highest possible correlation-based score. Our methodology can predict pressure with an R2 >0.9, avoiding complicated pre-processing steps.

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In-cycle control for stabilization of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion using direct water injection

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

Ion current–based homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion control using direct water injection

Ion current–based homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion control using direct water injection

Homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability improvement using a rapid ignition system

Tdnn-Based Engine In-Cylinder Pressure Estimation from Shaft Velocity Spectral Representation

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