In a Matter of Minutes, the Eye Can Know Which Way to Grow

Zhu, Xiaoying; Park, Tae Woo; Winawer, Jonathan; Wallman, Josh

doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0956

Cited by 151 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…[25][26][27] The reduced retinal activity (analogous to visual deprivation) could become an error signal for eye growth processes. In chicks, 2 to 3 minutes of exposure to defocus is sufficient to induce changes in eye growth, 28,29 so reading for more than an hour (which is not uncommon, with a previous study on Singaporean children reporting that some children read for up to 3 hours before bedtime 30 ) could be very detrimental.…”

Section: Myopes Versus Emmetropesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Text Type on Near Work–Induced Contrast Adaptation in Myopic and Emmetropic Young Adults

Yeo

Atchison

Schmid

2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. Contrast adaptation has been speculated to be an error signal for emmetropization. Myopic children exhibit higher contrast adaptation than emmetropic children. This study aimed to determine whether contrast adaptation varies with the type of text viewed by emmetropic and myopic young adults.METHODS. Baseline contrast sensitivity was determined in 25 emmetropic and 25 spectacle-corrected myopic young adults for 0.5, 1.2, 2.7, 4.4, and 6.2 cycles per degree (cpd) horizontal sine wave gratings. The adults spent periods looking at a 6.2 cpd high-contrast horizontal grating and reading lines of English and Chinese text (these texts comprised 1.2 cpd row and 6 cpd stroke frequencies). The effects of these near tasks on contrast sensitivity were determined, with decreases in sensitivity indicating contrast adaptation.RESULTS. Contrast adaptation was affected by the near task (F 2,672 ¼ 43.0; P < 0.001). Adaptation was greater for the grating task (0.13 6 0.17 log unit, averaged across all frequencies) than reading tasks, but there was no significant difference between the two reading tasks (English 0.05 6 0.13 log unit versus Chinese 0.04 6 0.13 log unit). The myopic group showed significantly greater adaptation (by 0.04, 0.04, and 0.05 log units for English, Chinese, and grating tasks, respectively) than the emmetropic group (F 1,48 ¼ 5.0; P ¼ 0.03).CONCLUSIONS. In young adults, reading Chinese text induced similar contrast adaptation as reading English text. Myopes exhibited greater contrast adaptation than emmetropes. Contrast adaptation, independent of text type, might be associated with myopia development. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.

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Section: Myopes Versus Emmetropesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Text Type on Near Work–Induced Contrast Adaptation in Myopic and Emmetropic Young Adults

Yeo

Atchison

Schmid

2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Thickening and thinning of choroidal thickness indicate that the defocus signals have to be recognised by the retina to modulate the rate of axial elongation. Recognition of the blur takes only two minutes (Zhu et al, 2005). Dopamine reduction and myopia inhibitory effects of dopamine agonist during the development of FDM were firstly reported by Stone and the colleagues (1989a).…”

Section: Myopia In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Vitamin D in Dry Eye and Myopia

Yang¹

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“…A number of theories have been put forward over the last two decades that link choroidal expansion and contraction to alterations in blood flow, fluid levels or the tone of choroidal nonvascular smooth muscles (Junghans et al, 1999;Pendrak et al, 2000;Kee et al, 2001;Zhu et al, 2005;Rada and Palmer, 2007;Nickla, 2007;Nickla and Wallman, 2010a). Histological studies and experiments using stimulation of the autonomic system have revealed a rich autonomic vasoactive nerve supply to the choroid (Ehinger, 1966;Ruskell, 1971;Stjernschantz and Bill, 1980, Nilsson et al, 1985, Stone, 1986.…”

Section: The Autonomic Control Of Choroidal Thickness Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been assumed that signal transduction starts in the retina and that the retinal pigment epithelium is likely to play a key role in relaying signals between the retina, the choroid and the sclera. The choroid responds to blur with thickness changes that are rapid (minutes to hours) (Zhu et al, 2005), and typically precede axial length changes, due to scleral remodelling, which is a longerterm process (McBrien, 2013). The majority of work that has contributed to the current understanding of the influence of retinal image quality on choroidal thickness changes has come from animal studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in blood flow, fluid levels or the tone of choroidal non-vascular smooth muscles could all potentially play a role in this process that may also be influenced by changes in autonomic nervous system activity (Junghans et al, 1999;Pendrak et al, 2000;Kee et al, 2001;Zhu et al, 2005;Rada and Palmer, 2007;Nickla et al, 2007;Nickla andWallman, 2010a, Neuhuber andSchrödl, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Human Choroid

Sander¹

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v AbstractThe impact of myopia is greater than just its optical consequences and in severe cases it can lead to a loss of vision. It is a highly prevalent eye disorder, with about one third of the population worldwide affected by this refractive error. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of myopia is still only partially understood. An improved knowledge of mechanisms underlying myopia is critical to developing new therapies to prevent myopia or to slow its progression.Although there is no fully effective and satisfactory myopia control treatment available, growing evidence has suggested that the choroid has a passive or active role in the regulation of eye growth and refractive error development. Numerous human and animal studies have shown that the retina can be moved forward or backward towards the image plane through changes in choroidal thickness, and these changes are likely to be associated in the longer term with eye growth and the development of refractive errors. As the choroid receives a rich innervation from the autonomic nervous system, many previous animal studies have utilized pharmacological agents and neurotoxins to elucidate the possible role of muscarinic signaling in the regulation of choroidal thickness, but only a few studies have investigated this issue in humans. An improved understanding of the mechanisms that control choroidal thickness may be important in developing new therapies for combating the development and progression of myopia.The research described in the thesis aimed to investigate the role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of choroidal thickness, axial length and the morphology In a series of experiments, we have confirmed that in humans under normal visual conditions, the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in the short-term regulation of subfoveal and parafoveal choroidal thickness, axial length and the morphology of the anterior sclera. The muscarinic blocker homatropine caused a significant subfoveal and parafoveal choroidal thickening, shortening of axial length, an enlargement of Schlemm's canal area and an increase in thickness of the conjunctival/episcleral complex. On the other hand, no notable changes in ocular parameters, except a decrease in the thickness of the conjunctival/episcleral tissues were found after instillation of the sympathomimetic drug phenylephrine.In an attempt to further improve our understanding of the myopigenic mechanisms influencing the thickness of the choroid in humans, we investigated the short-term influence of mixed interventions (positive and negative lens-imposed defocus / 2% homatropine) on choroidal thickness and axial length in emmetropic and myopic subjects. Homatropine prevented choroidal thinning in response to hyperopic defocus.This finding is consistent with the anti-myopia effects of muscarinic blockers and supports the potential importance of hyperopic defocus in the development of human myopia. By contrast, co-administration of homatropine with myopic defocus did not enhance the thicken...

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In a Matter of Minutes, the Eye Can Know Which Way to Grow

Cited by 151 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of Text Type on Near Work–Induced Contrast Adaptation in Myopic and Emmetropic Young Adults

Effect of Text Type on Near Work–Induced Contrast Adaptation in Myopic and Emmetropic Young Adults

Vitamin D in Dry Eye and Myopia

The Influence of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Human Choroid

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