Impurity profiling analysis of methamphetamine seized in Japan

Inoue, Tomio; Tanaka, Ken; Ohmori, Takeshi; Togawa, Y.; Seta, Sueshige

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(94)90053-1

Cited by 46 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Many papers have been published on the profiling of amphetamine [3,4,5,6,7,8,9], methamphetamine [10,11,12,13,14,15], cocaine [16,17,18] and heroin [19,20,21,22]. For MDMA, some workers have reported impurities or by-products [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31], and techniques like Raman spectroscopy [32] or isotope ratio mass spectrometry [33] have been used to link seized tablets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Palhol¹,

Boyer²,

Naulet³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Impurity profiles of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) tablets seized in France have been examined. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride under basic conditions and then analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. Almost 30 compounds were identified as precursors, intermediates and by-products. Palmitic and stearic acid were also found as tableting materials. The comparison of the different profiles obtained by the reported procedure provided very useful information about the synthetic processes used by clandestine laboratories and enabled a classification into several groups of profiles. According to these results, the reductive amination route appears to be the most common synthetic pathway in Western Europe. Furthermore, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone seems to be the most used precursor in clandestine laboratories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impurity profiling of seized MDMA tablets by capillary gas chromatography

Palhol¹,

Boyer²,

Naulet³

et al. 2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…The development of impurity profiling of MA is an important approach to obtaining information useful for criminal investigations, such as the relationships among seized samples, traffic routes, and sources of supply [2]. A number of methods have been reported for the impurity profiling of MA, including the use of gas chromatography (GC) with a flame ionization detector [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and GC-mass spectrometry (MS) after liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [10,11] with organic solvents under either basic or weakly acidic conditions. Methods using headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the characterization of MA [12][13][14] and 4-methoxyamphetamine [15] have recently been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of thermal desorption and liquid–liquid extraction for identification and profiling of impurities in methamphetamine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Kuwayama

Inoue

Kanamori

et al. 2007

Forensic Science International

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Impurity profiling of methamphetamine (MA) using thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was examined. Using TD/GC-MS, impurities were extracted and separated under various conditions. Optimal chromatograms were obtained when a 20 mg MA sample was extracted at 120˚C for 3 min using a TD instrument, followed by separation of the extracts using a nonpolar capillary column coated with (5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane.MA samples from nine different batches were analyzed under optimized conditions.Compounds related to the structure of MA, such as benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, amphetamine, cis-and trans-1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine, dimethylamphetamine, and N-acetylephedrine, were detected in the chromatograms without any laborious extraction procedure. Compounds such as ethanol, diethyl ether, and acetic acid, which are considered reagents and solvents for MA synthesis, were also detected in some of the chromatograms. The numbers and intensities of the peaks detected were different among the samples. Impurity profiling of MA using TD was compared with that using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Better reproducibility of peak areas was obtained using LLE, whereas higher intensities and numbers of peaks were detected using TD. Solvents were 2 extracted more effectively using TD. The nine batches of MA were classified using both extraction procedures. The nine batches were divided roughly into two groups using data from LLE. Subsequently, the groups were classified in detail using data from TD.TD can be used to provide supplemental information for LLE, and the combination of these extraction methods can be helpful for impurity profiling of MA.

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“…[1][2][3] In this method, the impurities are classified based on the peak pattern of chromatograms. For analyzing inorganic impurities, neutron activation analysis (NAA), 4,5 atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) 6 and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 7 have been widely used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%