Impulsive SEP Events (and Flares)

Abstract

Abstract3He-rich, Fe-rich, and enriched in elements with Z > 50, the abundances of solar energetic particles (SEPs) from the small impulsive SEP events stand out as luminaries in our study. The 3He is enhanced by resonant wave-particle interactions. Element abundances increase 1000-fold as the ~3.6 power of the mass-to-charge ratio A/Q from He to heavy elements like Au or Pb, enhanced during acceleration in islands of magnetic reconnection in solar jets, and probably also in flares. This power-law of enhancement vs. A/Q implies Q determined by a source temperature of 2.5–3.2 MK, typical of jets from solar active regions where these impulsive SEPs occur. However, a few small events are unusual; several have suppressed 4He, and rarely, a few very small events with steep spectra have elements N or S greatly enhanced, perhaps by the same resonant-wave mechanism that enhances 3He. Which mechanism will dominate? The impulsive SEP events we see are associated with narrow CMEs, from solar jets where magnetic reconnection on open field lines gives energetic particles and CMEs direct access to space. Gamma-ray lines tell us that the same acceleration physics may occur in flares.